tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23636439301335093332024-03-12T17:51:32.307-07:00Search My AncestryArticles and books by Ruth A. Symes employing innovative approaches to family history Ruth A Symeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16998386806885990168noreply@blogger.comBlogger314125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2363643930133509333.post-15238110904537407652024-03-01T05:40:00.000-08:002024-03-01T05:45:55.297-08:00The Secrets In Our Ancestors' Wallpaper<p><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Pleased to report that my article on the secrets to be discovered from your ancestors' wallpaper is out today in Discover Your Ancestors online periodical. Unfortunately, you will need to subscribe to read it! It's a great magazine, though, so do consider gifting a subscription to a friend!!</span></p><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x1ejq31n xd10rxx x1sy0etr x17r0tee x972fbf xcfux6l x1qhh985 xm0m39n x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1fey0fg" href="https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscoveryourancestors.co.uk%2F%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR0FbW4knLOQ0tA3XZyLoDCa-qWcflcsOWcLe4uEYZRCHDdSnY1tsRR6CFg&h=AT0xxkA3yiVeS6UgbgJqWG3ZZE-5kR8J2_F0yrNm0Tts0IrEnZrMeHqEWRwlniHjaDaHB5w3qX2ASZFW_BG6grOrivPwrgkAQu0mGf1OaUGcGen6SSw4oYfaTi4FAljH4w&__tn__=-UK-R&c[0]=AT1u3AnkHZUwtRqyz1T-70_7YYkqmjnWOOeUxNaMWudpPxjh_CQKLsoCgkaMictzbVL4kgWB6JBk2QjF6_Bv6aS4LrjataesPO0wK7RO6jtSxi74yrqclgp9h9wQKpSaO3K6SkYVAWFRKeXaM3-KG75Ggljpm_VTieZZXvquGGqEcozU-w" rel="nofollow" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; border-style: none; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">https://discoveryourancestors.co.uk/</a></span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbbCa4sbOsbtYiOx_0_1zO2JvGWg9xOlToTddpC6hfG67TfcX-283r4ineykuaHc6RjwnXc7xZi4sayukJ8wG9VraSR1k4d_m-3-kNwLrZ1bkTGgn0FTVkriYTBAyUBOCeDPv6HdCUYwzJoh-jPqoc_73WTRMTCPbDvENcJF9doEyvaXsJQvV3Q7gBScKS/s2220/wallpaper%20first%20page.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2220" data-original-width="1080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbbCa4sbOsbtYiOx_0_1zO2JvGWg9xOlToTddpC6hfG67TfcX-283r4ineykuaHc6RjwnXc7xZi4sayukJ8wG9VraSR1k4d_m-3-kNwLrZ1bkTGgn0FTVkriYTBAyUBOCeDPv6HdCUYwzJoh-jPqoc_73WTRMTCPbDvENcJF9doEyvaXsJQvV3Q7gBScKS/w216-h320/wallpaper%20first%20page.jpeg" width="216" /></a></div><br /><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">#wallpaper, ~walls, #houses #househistory #fashion #design #Britain #British #WilliamMorris #housedecor # housedecoration #genealogy #renovation #houserenovation #makeover</div></div>Ruth A Symeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16998386806885990168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2363643930133509333.post-90311546044869194042024-02-02T07:12:00.000-08:002024-02-02T07:16:30.405-08:00If Walls Could Talk - Your Ancestors' Wallpaper<p>Just submitted my latest article 'If Walls Could Talk' to <i>Discover Your Ancestors</i> Magazine! </p><p>Have you ever given your house a make-over and found remnants of papers past on the walls. What can these tell us about our ancestors and their lives in the past? </p><p>Look out for the article online (by subscription from March 2024). </p><p>www.discoveryourancestors.com</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXgvFZjZZICRY1pJ6kJkL2-qh6ZLQX3ErHQJ_sSbHsQM0nu9PoJr7Z4zkKho2-0wLQewH5HZUUxUmRFKuntnGqVqUCqK26KjwNs_FcmNgk2nfDB0pn9zTppns068axlPJMbSCTwmUfBY8zaG_ZI0aGX_GcM4hIk5vxE4gx56ghRs8fF-vWMnYKcf-3w6ME/s640/Image%205%20Wallpaper%20Sample%201887.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="461" data-original-width="640" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXgvFZjZZICRY1pJ6kJkL2-qh6ZLQX3ErHQJ_sSbHsQM0nu9PoJr7Z4zkKho2-0wLQewH5HZUUxUmRFKuntnGqVqUCqK26KjwNs_FcmNgk2nfDB0pn9zTppns068axlPJMbSCTwmUfBY8zaG_ZI0aGX_GcM4hIk5vxE4gx56ghRs8fF-vWMnYKcf-3w6ME/w320-h231/Image%205%20Wallpaper%20Sample%201887.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> Wallpaper from a sample book by William Morris, 1887<p></p>Ruth A Symeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16998386806885990168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2363643930133509333.post-42375470591993655212023-12-10T11:58:00.000-08:002023-12-11T10:46:45.860-08:00Stocking Fillers for the Suffragettes in Your Family<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Now available from Amazon</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>https://amzn.to/3No84ZX</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggGP3QIMvvufUJJQSlk6XNfmMjglMGMNcqcRfn-pMejpJsESc4bvE9pMVy9xY9kGHe_Xtx-YlgtsfF5X_80Io9PbFu7zWWlRk2fYqgQKiPWKnhekOSoqXHWpx9dEbhZtlJ5RUvyD9SxTLQm9TTDZfMsJWkH226hCxS7y-uHRcAtX_2dqaZnkdv1E_2pqe_/s936/17022393212401752430702412160153.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="751" data-original-width="936" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggGP3QIMvvufUJJQSlk6XNfmMjglMGMNcqcRfn-pMejpJsESc4bvE9pMVy9xY9kGHe_Xtx-YlgtsfF5X_80Io9PbFu7zWWlRk2fYqgQKiPWKnhekOSoqXHWpx9dEbhZtlJ5RUvyD9SxTLQm9TTDZfMsJWkH226hCxS7y-uHRcAtX_2dqaZnkdv1E_2pqe_/s320/17022393212401752430702412160153.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQkhQqWRi6IyIs1U_1E3l-WTZvnlSTD_4_61xg5NMxZEnMDUfmnvVIVt_OodBIXHlwYCle7ykn3DUco_3cq8XMQtZ7AcrH9UrGtVrw-fS0hcDvPNjbqV0Ha4czPCtdQaP0OFrlRAesgwho3ydXX-4ru7cnZiQMmJ1KZb96mKtlW8ckMgWzf01simlO6n7T/s1600/17022392380967431507108694006209.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQkhQqWRi6IyIs1U_1E3l-WTZvnlSTD_4_61xg5NMxZEnMDUfmnvVIVt_OodBIXHlwYCle7ykn3DUco_3cq8XMQtZ7AcrH9UrGtVrw-fS0hcDvPNjbqV0Ha4czPCtdQaP0OFrlRAesgwho3ydXX-4ru7cnZiQMmJ1KZb96mKtlW8ckMgWzf01simlO6n7T/s320/17022392380967431507108694006209.jpg" width="180" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>#suffragette #suffrage #suffragettememorabilia #women'shistory #women<br /><p><br /></p>Ruth A Symeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16998386806885990168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2363643930133509333.post-59071038608268071022023-11-09T13:41:00.005-08:002023-11-09T13:48:41.124-08:00Were Your Ancestors Normal? <p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQZK1_UrwEg1MhtkejBOSL6u_2Yur2M2UQqLngj_qb07EOA-X-SO9GPIEnmo1ZE04KP7NdWkl7O4Mi44O7jN5KF-tdDzqhRmulMr101rzlbeOBCWSHmn6s2rmaQRUtopEedlO_BcVQroSB-Fz3wOf0Jqt1OTVbH22jkz8Y1NhxqFHq9OQ5K27qmUar0b3U/s1960/16995661724812698099678909118103.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1960" data-original-width="1280" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQZK1_UrwEg1MhtkejBOSL6u_2Yur2M2UQqLngj_qb07EOA-X-SO9GPIEnmo1ZE04KP7NdWkl7O4Mi44O7jN5KF-tdDzqhRmulMr101rzlbeOBCWSHmn6s2rmaQRUtopEedlO_BcVQroSB-Fz3wOf0Jqt1OTVbH22jkz8Y1NhxqFHq9OQ5K27qmUar0b3U/s320/16995661724812698099678909118103.jpg" width="209" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p> https://amzn.to/3u97W9V</p><p><br /></p><p>Just reviewed this stupendous compendium for Who Do You Think You Are Magazine!</p>Ruth A Symeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16998386806885990168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2363643930133509333.post-59182074177173779592023-08-31T13:03:00.068-07:002023-09-01T13:27:06.024-07:00My 10 Point Guide to Starting Researching Your UK Family History - The Absolute Basics<p><br /></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwBeEXPmmO-CyemfFlAn9aBJCJvwgBEsyMju5-YUYL2jE8num6sUXjN3w3xmRmHdn1-GWSPR5JzfqLh2P4c7OCwimAcnACSJqjkCb1ZEpJ99s4iOmhysX7QG22-fmI3RXNDFv2ynhDHCToUyQ5pua5rborqWqeyt_cypMyuZYcPtZQd-o7ewKSaJHDAKul/s940/Four%20generations.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="940" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwBeEXPmmO-CyemfFlAn9aBJCJvwgBEsyMju5-YUYL2jE8num6sUXjN3w3xmRmHdn1-GWSPR5JzfqLh2P4c7OCwimAcnACSJqjkCb1ZEpJ99s4iOmhysX7QG22-fmI3RXNDFv2ynhDHCToUyQ5pua5rborqWqeyt_cypMyuZYcPtZQd-o7ewKSaJHDAKul/s320/Four%20generations.jpg" width="218" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"> Maria Dahlberg - Four Generations 1960s. Via Wikimedia Commons</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 21.3333px;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"></span></span></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKew5MMmwBEu3pJ3xMSblnhJ9Ah-Kld8PJ3weKdu8Wr9wv_s0UrzFo1GEUE34BHnoqRdvEG8cEOe7oJiUbGhkevbmgniwejm-Ftg00jlj4O0aamTLwgEgC50Z0EQ0dse1sOUvOQ_9MF2tIx8nj-3eQaouXwpKiQ94TbO5yF7UTqfJ-f3CWzXfAyX4qpsUu/s640/One.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKew5MMmwBEu3pJ3xMSblnhJ9Ah-Kld8PJ3weKdu8Wr9wv_s0UrzFo1GEUE34BHnoqRdvEG8cEOe7oJiUbGhkevbmgniwejm-Ftg00jlj4O0aamTLwgEgC50Z0EQ0dse1sOUvOQ_9MF2tIx8nj-3eQaouXwpKiQ94TbO5yF7UTqfJ-f3CWzXfAyX4qpsUu/s320/One.png" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></b></div><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Identify
a relative to research<o:p></o:p></span></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Talk to elderly relatives. Ask
open-ended questions. Identify your subject. Focus on an event about which you
have some details, or some date parameters e.g. a birth, marriage or death.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg__DVIVG0LpFk2b_CBQFJaf8too1Jw2AQwlmpoMpjsCsU2h5BhTWnM7PIVlmXGSpiGeDgoOnFeOcY06RJwPvDqR9IyWQtKp0kxCT_qywyQskBR9IjvIHYQ5rWxyLAwWs1Gc01tR28Yhy6q2V6NJ-9LPg2aCBh2VqF9xQ0zktn2izAqT1cRypY287SMhLv5/s640/Two.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg__DVIVG0LpFk2b_CBQFJaf8too1Jw2AQwlmpoMpjsCsU2h5BhTWnM7PIVlmXGSpiGeDgoOnFeOcY06RJwPvDqR9IyWQtKp0kxCT_qywyQskBR9IjvIHYQ5rWxyLAwWs1Gc01tR28Yhy6q2V6NJ-9LPg2aCBh2VqF9xQ0zktn2izAqT1cRypY287SMhLv5/s320/Two.png" width="320" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 21.3333px;"><b> </b></span><span style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Join a Genealogical Website<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Buy a
membership to one of the online organisations below. They have different
packages for different purposes. They also have different specialisms. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.findmypast.co.uk/"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">www.findmypast.co.uk</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.ancestry.co.uk/"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">www.ancestry.co.uk</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.thegenealogist.co.uk/"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">www.thegenealogist.co.uk</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtQr5IBXfbpNvmgvzoFOiX0ndfsa-CCrKk5zybaDoXspfKjt3Sx2Gtot64KGvvMZQe-HT33wKub8UN8lzgUTxXvG_iFs3GcBMyqqLmwt7Xf6YJt17l3DdwssK3rv2sGyW-N75xmzYeKqr72isgxFv6qBp_eWdATmrn_D5qlbQNQ4j2TUrdn_7BDS4xlNip/s1280/Three.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1280" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtQr5IBXfbpNvmgvzoFOiX0ndfsa-CCrKk5zybaDoXspfKjt3Sx2Gtot64KGvvMZQe-HT33wKub8UN8lzgUTxXvG_iFs3GcBMyqqLmwt7Xf6YJt17l3DdwssK3rv2sGyW-N75xmzYeKqr72isgxFv6qBp_eWdATmrn_D5qlbQNQ4j2TUrdn_7BDS4xlNip/s320/Three.jpg" width="160" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><b> </b>Look for Civil Registration Records
of Births/Marriages and Deaths (BMD RECORDS) from 1837 onwards on one of the above sites.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Find the BASIC record of these events for the ancestor in whom you are interested.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>GET THE SPECIAL REFERENCE NUMBER FOR YOUR BIRTH, MARRIAGE OR DEATH FROM THE ONLINE SITE</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Go to the
General Register Office (GRO) website at </span><a href="http://www.gro.gov.uk/"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">www.gro.gov.uk</span></a><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> For a fee, certificates can either
be sent to you through the post or as an email attachment. These certificates will have much
FULLER INFORMATION about your family event, eg who registered the death, the church where the marriage took place, the occupations of the fathers of the bride and groom.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi94ZMVPui6ZGdlkHWLrbFYnAmcxhy45LYpJjVIVva_HPeN7EVQhsmBnA_ASNigkym195KdosNLu_uy4yO3-ATTpKoTTVW-jxOiPGAeQOZCLw4TohLhsFFj04h512ghJPv0UMmEEPmtmrOTPHQd36j772hHj5LXlUN1ztFQJVStcLjQmFB6jyzG3ZHuFx7T/s640/Four.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi94ZMVPui6ZGdlkHWLrbFYnAmcxhy45LYpJjVIVva_HPeN7EVQhsmBnA_ASNigkym195KdosNLu_uy4yO3-ATTpKoTTVW-jxOiPGAeQOZCLw4TohLhsFFj04h512ghJPv0UMmEEPmtmrOTPHQd36j772hHj5LXlUN1ztFQJVStcLjQmFB6jyzG3ZHuFx7T/s320/Four.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> Want to Go Further Back? Look for Parish Records (Of Baptisms,
Marriages and Burials)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Many, but not all, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>can
be found on the online sites; more are being added daily. It’s more difficult
to find Non-conformist and Catholic records, but again, more are being added
all the time.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Information will back up that on the Civil Registration
Documents from 1837.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Information potentially goes much further back to 1538.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8FGo8tRCogjVcpOLfPpMHDJPQmvCh9LLC2kqCFtjCxVFBHsmqLrXSAx35tDh5pmxp1G3JjmF8J2aln5w7NEAUaXz9xlZ63_7PYfmq3XevdIpCGio45xiYJ2avw-O4KG_yA5qzxS7IO0W7wVrbt2vggidftqFDgguDxGmO-R4_7Zr1tjW9G4Emwq2Hyc7z/s853/Five.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="853" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8FGo8tRCogjVcpOLfPpMHDJPQmvCh9LLC2kqCFtjCxVFBHsmqLrXSAx35tDh5pmxp1G3JjmF8J2aln5w7NEAUaXz9xlZ63_7PYfmq3XevdIpCGio45xiYJ2avw-O4KG_yA5qzxS7IO0W7wVrbt2vggidftqFDgguDxGmO-R4_7Zr1tjW9G4Emwq2Hyc7z/s320/Five.jpg" width="240" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0px;"><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Look at the online Census Records
(1841 – 1921, every 10 years)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Find your
family in the 10 yearly censuses from 1841 onwards online at the family history sites. Each of these
censuses gives slightly different information. Compare information about your family on one census with information about the same family ten years later/earlier. Did any children die between the two dates? How did the household change shape over the course of the decade? Would more or less money be coming into the household in the later period? Would there be more or less room for the family?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Take a look at the households next to your family on the census. What kind of jobs did these people do? Did they have roughly the same income as your family? Were the families roughly the same shape as your family, or was your family unusual in some way?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">1841 :
Generalised information including rounding down of ages to nearest 5 years<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">1851:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">1861:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">1871:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">1881:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">1891:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">1901: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">1911 :
<b>SO-CALLED ‘FERTILITY’ CENSUS</b>. Asks how many children were born into the family and how many survived. Asks for Nationality, infirmity and more information about number of rooms in the house in addition to questions asked in earlier censuses.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">1921: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">1931: <b>THESE CENSUS RECORDS WERE DESTROYED IN A FIRE</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">1941: <b>NO
CENSUS TAKEN DUE TO WORLD WAR TWO</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">1951 :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>NOT TO BE RELEASED UNTIL 2051</b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGWucirL8jvMRyj-xaagOsPqHhmHzlHi0HCoJFNhc-wlCGXodQj3DL1lvTqWUyn1mAPWrb8TSxQXvxTLB98woO-ykM13GfbOmuuvsQvoPFFOsFHBBq9miZ--VEGClyghSp0ulAFvfnNQDQKqDKtB3EJhNxEBWo8aWKJemPDIQZud8IORo42Q4mHyWkLMPQ/s640/Six.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGWucirL8jvMRyj-xaagOsPqHhmHzlHi0HCoJFNhc-wlCGXodQj3DL1lvTqWUyn1mAPWrb8TSxQXvxTLB98woO-ykM13GfbOmuuvsQvoPFFOsFHBBq9miZ--VEGClyghSp0ulAFvfnNQDQKqDKtB3EJhNxEBWo8aWKJemPDIQZud8IORo42Q4mHyWkLMPQ/s320/Six.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> Look at the 1939 Register<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Search <b>1939 Register</b> on the online family history
sites for details of your family in this nationwide survey taken just before
World War II.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"></span></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR-bHNPsvRVCEhbrp0g22fpoUwwtVN0YeYbj0dpwYBfTkTaP4nywT9gqLQhco_m-4YYzF3gQ2uQUGkXWcIp_d_EMDy-5mxmEvbnA58mMmYqCxtWg7wUdGX3CRVDrbCpUwrqNqNgrP2JJoKKusnPtftErV2CPiXiaZZpl8kdSNeZFCNcvMEFbWje1XtxvMt/s662/Seven.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="662" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR-bHNPsvRVCEhbrp0g22fpoUwwtVN0YeYbj0dpwYBfTkTaP4nywT9gqLQhco_m-4YYzF3gQ2uQUGkXWcIp_d_EMDy-5mxmEvbnA58mMmYqCxtWg7wUdGX3CRVDrbCpUwrqNqNgrP2JJoKKusnPtftErV2CPiXiaZZpl8kdSNeZFCNcvMEFbWje1XtxvMt/s320/Seven.png" width="309" /></a></span></span></b></div><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><br /></span></span></b><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: 0px;"><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Look at these other kinds of record
available at the family history sites. Search by name (and dates if you have them) NB: information in these areas is patchy and varies from
site to site.</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Education<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>e.g. school attendance records<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Jobs<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Passenger Lists<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Military<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Wills<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Newspapers ( via </span><a href="http://www.findmypast/"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">www.findmypast</span></a><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> membership only)</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0Ru8pvvbW8kLC6QkczAkKnBkGc6-ZcbKa-COkI4zOBbPb8aaV8QXRowHVeK9fdrEQrBgjBHnwrOwh1y1Tc1a6G9tABnliQzIMR74c0ew7LKxSJzwjzCq27JwJompH3kuzPQIDVrkNvJ5eT84Y_Rk1eAQrd7XK2bZMfT2VSEhr2D4ev06qKjKTO8eVsp4o/s640/Eight.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0Ru8pvvbW8kLC6QkczAkKnBkGc6-ZcbKa-COkI4zOBbPb8aaV8QXRowHVeK9fdrEQrBgjBHnwrOwh1y1Tc1a6G9tABnliQzIMR74c0ew7LKxSJzwjzCq27JwJompH3kuzPQIDVrkNvJ5eT84Y_Rk1eAQrd7XK2bZMfT2VSEhr2D4ev06qKjKTO8eVsp4o/s320/Eight.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /><o:p><br /></o:p></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">7</span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Look for other useful documents that
may tell you something about your ancestors’ life. You may find these amongst
family papers, with relatives, or sometimes in Local or County Record Offices.
Search for the location of these via the National Archives Discovery Site : www.discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">These include: Diaries</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Letters</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Passports</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Commonplace Books</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Poor Law records</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Documents relating to Properties </span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Vaccination Records</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Minutes of
Church Meetings </span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Naturalisation Records</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Ships’
Logs</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Muster Records....</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The list of possibilities is endless……<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The site will tell you the name of the County Record Office or other archive in which these
sources can be viewed. You need to contact the relevant record office and book
an appointment to view.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br /></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDIbvQhGDR9VoW9DVj8cpUNI-624khHX5uJI6mn1etGPOFHyzGN5ejm1hIuVQmNmmsbYTIaYt34HhDvZxsiDoTJdD8CH39PMYwDDxOIi1VKvhu4V9fzVT9UCq_0NRlXxNO4TrPTCcgOUCE7nLeJZ9-tD23e3oSwVU-J6bNbK8z6FPL0hZHSzv_QvRztHAo/s640/Nine.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDIbvQhGDR9VoW9DVj8cpUNI-624khHX5uJI6mn1etGPOFHyzGN5ejm1hIuVQmNmmsbYTIaYt34HhDvZxsiDoTJdD8CH39PMYwDDxOIi1VKvhu4V9fzVT9UCq_0NRlXxNO4TrPTCcgOUCE7nLeJZ9-tD23e3oSwVU-J6bNbK8z6FPL0hZHSzv_QvRztHAo/s320/Nine.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> Research other aspects of your
ancestor’s life more generally using keywords online:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Places/ Maps<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Occupations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Religion<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Photographs<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">House History<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">One-Name Studies<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1mFsi2Vddb4Lch8ulOj8FfCmwgS9MyN5quOXLpAefhxC86IHnbJ7vpVNonRwQSjEYnh5r32VFCa_jpqAf12V-3PEBePTZNo2nCEaYO3Oc4ivDJjGkXiOhrrlx_FsTMU-FoEBRc5tSW3jFbqS3XJt2ThrlAK08Tn3UyI_1CmXZxNmOyYYMxfOfMF_pOf7D/s640/Ten.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="632" data-original-width="640" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1mFsi2Vddb4Lch8ulOj8FfCmwgS9MyN5quOXLpAefhxC86IHnbJ7vpVNonRwQSjEYnh5r32VFCa_jpqAf12V-3PEBePTZNo2nCEaYO3Oc4ivDJjGkXiOhrrlx_FsTMU-FoEBRc5tSW3jFbqS3XJt2ThrlAK08Tn3UyI_1CmXZxNmOyYYMxfOfMF_pOf7D/s320/Ten.png" width="320" /></a></b></div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Useful Magazines and Books</span></b></p>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Who Do You Think You Are ?</span></i></b><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> magazine (</span></b><a href="https://www.whodoyouthinkyouaremagazine.com/magazine/">Who Do You Think You Are Magazine - Who Do You Think You Are Magazine</a><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">)</span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-_2zrniZ6jrGivMKeiQJC9vn6qOVL3JJb09XClxvTz2oLXvyqeUwQi-oSz3BiLMsIgEH6ME0QcfzLQXrKp_K_UNMes_auMbp256UsNHSY6_gdr8NpFIDvrXS9Ljgu3emirmlewadbVnVCiB4qrA7mZWFLcxNjPUX5QRkzeGnSua3muOxSF9nL3fnfesBn/s3508/WDYTYA%20COVER.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3508" data-original-width="2480" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-_2zrniZ6jrGivMKeiQJC9vn6qOVL3JJb09XClxvTz2oLXvyqeUwQi-oSz3BiLMsIgEH6ME0QcfzLQXrKp_K_UNMes_auMbp256UsNHSY6_gdr8NpFIDvrXS9Ljgu3emirmlewadbVnVCiB4qrA7mZWFLcxNjPUX5QRkzeGnSua3muOxSF9nL3fnfesBn/s320/WDYTYA%20COVER.jpg" width="226" /></a></b></div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><br /></b></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><br /></b></b></p><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 22.8267px; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> ·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 22.8267px;">Family Tree Magazine <o:p></o:p></span></i></b><a href="https://www.family-tree.co.uk/">Family Tree - Bringing you expert genealogy advice for over 35 years (family-tree.co.uk)</a><div><div style="text-indent: 0px;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfU1CcVTITOwmPNLbNqHA--cUzmlkhHTV7NvhrGJdqeIYRHHicw4IccSFIm-WQiW59F6ysphSq4EUyX93A9nioOtWSzcieWTyMcvFJ8399HQnrXMdwgwkiNgMvsUwOhHt6Qu--ytQqtynaasnpmLbtymrraj9BYVBY7BFCKaWuihhh86FXxpCNRvUpL7-z/s555/Family%20tree%20uk%20cover.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="555" data-original-width="395" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfU1CcVTITOwmPNLbNqHA--cUzmlkhHTV7NvhrGJdqeIYRHHicw4IccSFIm-WQiW59F6ysphSq4EUyX93A9nioOtWSzcieWTyMcvFJ8399HQnrXMdwgwkiNgMvsUwOhHt6Qu--ytQqtynaasnpmLbtymrraj9BYVBY7BFCKaWuihhh86FXxpCNRvUpL7-z/s320/Family%20tree%20uk%20cover.jpg" width="228" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-indent: 0px;"><br /></div><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 22.8267px; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 22.8267px; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 22.8267px;">Discover Your Ancestors</span></i></b><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 22.8267px;"> (Online Periodical) </span></b><a href="https://discoveryourancestors.co.uk/">Discover Your Ancestors | Bringing Past Lives to Life</a></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDzGRpGWm5B6ccwXOF23rNVIsOXupSCLuCN2uYIZOzHngZIHTpjEszrs1BPQA5l6jfZ3tzcO31laWEVbTS8jp_goGHeMpZ3owq3YU9qbyZreTc7RGVwWimLUJ57WuXCRuZRNPHXjKZt1jXVSSR4cqEizqMXPgTRBMyMtugn2JLzyJ6MBJr0Zr0AlYYLPVZ/s1415/Discover%20Your%20Ancestors%20Front%20Cover.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1415" data-original-width="1000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDzGRpGWm5B6ccwXOF23rNVIsOXupSCLuCN2uYIZOzHngZIHTpjEszrs1BPQA5l6jfZ3tzcO31laWEVbTS8jp_goGHeMpZ3owq3YU9qbyZreTc7RGVwWimLUJ57WuXCRuZRNPHXjKZt1jXVSSR4cqEizqMXPgTRBMyMtugn2JLzyJ6MBJr0Zr0AlYYLPVZ/s320/Discover%20Your%20Ancestors%20Front%20Cover.jpg" width="226" /></a></span></i></b></div><b><i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></i></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">1 </span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Search for relevant book titles at </span></b><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">www.amazon.co.uk</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">. </span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">My family history books are:</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Ruth A Symes, <i>Unearthing Family Tree Mysteries</i>, Pen and Sword.
2016. [Reprint of an earlier title]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Ruth A Symes, <i>It Runs in the Family: Understanding More About Your
Ancestors</i>, The History Press, 2013<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Ruth A Symes<i>, Family First: Tracing Relationships in the Past,</i> Pen
and Sword, 2015<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Ruth A Symes, <i>Tracing Ancestors Through Letters and Personal Writings</i>,
Pen and Sword, 2016<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Facebook: Search My Ancestry; Family History Flotsam; Family History Gifts</span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Keywords: British, Britain, UK, England, English, history, family history research, genealogy, genealogical, family tree, who do you think you are?, nineteenth century, twentieth century, relatives, ancestors, ancestry, ancestral, births, marriages, deaths, censuses, certificates, parish records, dummies guide to family history, simple guide to family history, beginners' guide to family history, basic guide to family history</span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></span></p></div>Ruth A Symeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16998386806885990168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2363643930133509333.post-39583304617696580482023-08-26T09:11:00.006-07:002023-08-31T06:53:15.452-07:00Finding an Ancestor in the Boot Trade<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: x-large; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">They Pulled Themselves Up By Their Bootstraps<o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></span></span></h2><div><span style="font-size: x-large; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: xx-large; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg76OxJ5QERN_Mfx3OaFFc2lhVr2gYhMaLf_35CAMjO0QlDsiFMQCE8DZgZGyODD82aulWMqj7qc0Ksrqymi4Cw4XDFPZ41w0HNGUB-HZgOsiUpZ9zX3zsN-Q5BUlyMBBYBN8va-DhAmoJx8FGrlSKFGPBiPTZZcnZVkskxfU9SNeCKyYpD39UBgzDcWwpl/s853/Freeman,_Hardy_and_Willis_Sign,_Hitchin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_561815.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="853" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg76OxJ5QERN_Mfx3OaFFc2lhVr2gYhMaLf_35CAMjO0QlDsiFMQCE8DZgZGyODD82aulWMqj7qc0Ksrqymi4Cw4XDFPZ41w0HNGUB-HZgOsiUpZ9zX3zsN-Q5BUlyMBBYBN8va-DhAmoJx8FGrlSKFGPBiPTZZcnZVkskxfU9SNeCKyYpD39UBgzDcWwpl/s320/Freeman,_Hardy_and_Willis_Sign,_Hitchin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_561815.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: xx-large; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: left;">Freeman, Hardy and Willis Sign, Hitchin, 2007. Via Wikimedia Commons</span></div><br /></span></span></div>
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<em style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">[This article was first published in the now obsolete Practical Family History]</em></div>
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When my father proposed to my mother in 1961, he told her
that he would give her a diamond ring that he had kept in a shoebox at home. My
mother was rather concerned about the shoebox, but she accepted anyway. For me,
this story is as much about the shoebox as the ring it contained. It struck me
that my father kept lots of things in shoeboxes; they made fine receptacles for
anything from pens to cufflinks. Shoeboxes were his repository of choice
because he was born and brought up above a shoe shop – a branch of <i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">Freeman,
Hardy and Willis</i> - in Walton, Liverpool where his father, William John
(Jack) Symes, was the manager from the 1920s right through to the 1950s.</div>
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<b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">Jack Symes: The Bootseller’s Apprentice <o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></b></div>
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I recently started to look further into my grandfather’s
past. Born in 1894 in Ancoats, Manchester ( a place made famous by L. S. Lowry
for the kids who had ‘nowt on their feet’), he was 21 in 1915 and joined up for
the army, first in the Royal Cheshire regiment and then in the Tank Regiment. I
found 30 pages of his army records at British Army World War I Service Records <a href="http://search.ancestry.co.uk/search/DB.aspx?dbid=1219" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><span face=""verdana" , "sans-serif"" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">http://search.ancestry.co.uk/search/DB.aspx?dbid=1219</span></a>
and was interested to see that on joining up, he gave his occupation as a ‘Boot
Salesman’ in Doncaster, Yorkshire. An email from the archivist at Doncaster
Record Office confirmed that there was a branch of <i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">Freeman, Hardy and Willis</i>
in the town at that time.<o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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I worked back in time. On the 1911 census (now available to
view online at www.findmypast.co.uk), I discovered that Jack Symes (then aged
18) was living in Pontefract with his uncle, Charles Terrell. As Jack’s father
had died when he was just twelve, it was natural that he should spend some time
working for another elder male family member. Uncle Charles Terrell is
described as ‘the manager of a bootshop’ in ‘Marketplace,’ Pontefract and Jack
Symes as an ‘assistant bootseller.’ I contacted Wakefield Library and
discovered that there was a branch of <i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">Freeman, Hardy and Willis</i> in the
Marketplace, Pontefract at that time. Evidently this was where my grandfather’s
work among shoes and boots began. <o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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Charles Terrell: The Bootmaker’s Apprentice<o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></h1>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">
Charles Terrell, my great-great uncle, was as tough as old
boots according to my family
folklore. Among family papers, I have a
letter from a great niece of his who described him as an almost fanatical
Methodist: a believer in hard work, saving money and teetotalism. Family rumour
has it that Charles saved his earnings from the shoe shop and invested any
fifty-pound notes he acquired in shares in <i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">Cadbury’s</i>, <i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">Rowntree’s </i>and
<i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">Lipton’s</i>. Apparently, he hastily withdrew these shares when he suspected
that Lipton’s had begun to sell wines and spirits!<o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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But how (and indeed why) had Charles Terrell started out in
his boot-selling career? Looking back in time again to the 1901 census, I
discovered that he was already managing the Marketplace shop in Pontefract.
Further back still, on the 1891 census, he was running what appears to have
been an independent bootshop in another part of Pontefract - Mounthill. I
doubted that the previous census (of 1881) would give me any further clues
about how his career in footwear had started. After all, he would have been
only fifteen at the time it was taken. I was wrong, this census was actually to
lead me on to a great deal of interesting information.<o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">
In 1881, the young Charles Terrell was living in Sheffield
and described as a ‘servant and a bootmaker’s apprentice.’ The ‘master
bootmaker’ at this establishment was one William Rodgers and, according to the
census, he employed four men. Charles was the only one of these who lived on
the premises. I noted that the company were ‘bootmakers’ and not ‘bootsellers.’
The footwear trades were some of the last in Britain to be mechanised, much of
the work was done by hand until well into the nineteenth century. Charles
Terrell must have gained ‘hands-on’ expertise of his trade at William Rodgers’
establishment and later, this practical experience, must have made him a very
appropriate choice of manager for <i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">Freeman, Hardy and Willis</i>, a high
street shoe retail company that would grow out of the boot and shoe
manufacturing business. <o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">
Charles Terrell’s boss, William Rodgers, is listed as an
independent bootmaker in the 1884 <i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">Whites</i> Sheffield trade directory. As
there is no reference in that directory to a <i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">Freeman, Hardy and Willis </i>shop
existing in the city, it seems safe to assume that Charles Terrell was probably
apprenticed as a boy to a privately-owned business. It is possible that William
Rodgers was later taken over by the company of <i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">Freeman Hardy and Willis</i>,
as subsequent trade directories show that he had ceased trading by 1900 and
that there was, by that time a branch of the famous chain in Sheffield. <o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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In all of the census records for Charles Terrell, there was
a hint of a mystery that urged me on to further investigation. Whilst his
employers, neighbours and (later his wife and daughter) gave their place of
birth as other Yorkshire towns, Charles is recorded as hailing from a small
village right at the other end of the country - Henstridge in Somersetshire.
From his mid teens, the young bootmaker was an exceedingly long way from home.
Why, I wondered, had he moved all the way from the South West to Yorkshire to
take up a job making boots? <o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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The obvious place to look for answers about Charles’s
migration was yet further back in time in the 1871 census – when he was just
six years old. It was soon apparent that he was one of a large and impoverished
family of eight children. His father, William Terrell (spelt Terrel this
time) was an agricultural labourer. His
mother, Phillis, and sisters, Anne and Jane, were glovers. The British History
Online site (using information from the Victoria County Histories Publications <span lang="EN" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">(<a href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=18743" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><span face=""verdana" , "sans-serif"" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=18743</span></a>)
</span>records that in Henstridge. ‘<span lang="EN" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">Gloving had been established by 1841 and by 1851 there were 100 glovers,
mainly female, probably outworkers to Milborne Port manufacturers. In 1871
there were a gloving agent, 152 female glovers, and 5 male glove cutters and
finishers.’<o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">Charles Terrell
would have grown up watching his mothers and sisters making gloves at
home. His eldest sister Elizabeth (my
great-grandmother) - herself a former
glover – was employed by cousins of the family as a servant in the nearby town
of Street by the time of the 1871 census. </span>Interestingly, this is where
the Clarks brothers began manufacturing footwear in 1825. I am assuming,
therefore, that the Terrell family were familiar with the processes of shoe
production. The so-called ‘Brown Petersburg’ sheepskin slipper was made by hand
in the cottages of the residents of Street. Later (in the 1860s) the Singer
sewing machine would bring some mechanisation to the process. Clarks became the
first footwear company that exactly matched shoes to the shape of the wearers’
feet. Since cladding the hands and cladding the feet were trades that were in
the blood of the men and women of Somersetshire, I remain puzzled as to why the
young Charles Terrell was sent as far away as Sheffield to learn his bootmaking
trade.<o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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Charles was, of course, among many thousands of young men
who migrated to the industrial North of England to find work in the late
nineteenth century. It was probably his youthful success as a bootseller and as
a manager for <i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">Freeman, Hardy and Willis</i> that tempted many of his sisters
and brothers to move North too. Elizabeth, Anna and Jane came up to Manchester
to work as a cook, undermaid and housemaid to three wealthy families, brother
Joe worked as a packer for Westinghouse Gas Engines, and, another brother, Jim
came to work for the Manchester Cleansing Department and was employed emptying
privies onto wagons at night. None of these jobs could be considered glamorous
by any stretch of the imagination.<o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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In the eyes of these close relatives, shop managers <span lang="EN" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">Charles Terrell and Jack Symes would have
been considered very successful. Adhering to the strict rules of Methodism that
benefited so many businesses of the era – hard work, sobriety, careful spending
and saving – they managed to leave behind poverty-stricken circumstances in
rural Somerset and the slums of Manchester respectively. And the decades that
they spent measuring and fitting the feet of the prospering businessmen of the
North allowed them to pulled their own families up – as it were – by the
bootstraps – into the realms of the lower middle class.<o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://amzn.to/2egoPae" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">Click here for more on books by Ruth A. Symes</a></span></strong></div>
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<strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;" /></strong></div>
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Freeman, Hardy and Willis: A Brief History<o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></h1>
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My ancestors Charles Terrell and Jack Symes became shop
managers for one of Britain’s most famous and successful shoe retailers. <i>Freeman
Hardy and Willis</i> began in Leicester in 1875 and was incorporated in 1876
(when future bootmaker Charles Terrell would have been just eleven years
old). The founder of the company, Edward Wood, a boot and shoe manufacturer,
named his new enterprise after three of the company’s employees: architect,
Arthur Hardy, factory manager, William
Freeman, and traveller, Charles Willis. The first branch of the retail shoe
business was opened in Wandsworth, London in 1877. <o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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In the early years of the twentieth century, the company
acquired the boot and shoe retailers, Rabbits and Sons Ltd (1903); and The
Kettering Boot and Shoe Company Ltd (1913).
<span lang="EN">By the time Jack Symes,
started work (just before the First World War), the chain was already well
established. In 1921 (when Jack was demobbed from the Tank Corps and back in
the boot trade), the company had 428 shops.<o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN">In </span>1925,
<i>Freeman, Hardy and Willis</i> acquired the shoe capital of the Leicester
firm Leavesley and North Ltd and by <span lang="EN">1927, Jack Symes was manager of a branch of the shop in County Road,
Walton, Liverpool. In 1929, <i>Freeman,
Hardy and Willis</i> </span>was acquired by <i>Sear</i>s of Northampton (operating under the brand name of <i>Trueform</i>).
The shops continued to operate under the <i>Freeman, Hardy and Willis</i>
name. <o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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The joint shoe business, (consisting by then of over 900
shops) was acquired in 1955 by the entrepreneur Charles Clore. He added many
other businesses to his conglomerate including more shoe retailers (two of
which were Manfield and Dolcis). The footwear side of the business became
known as the British Shoe Corporation and, with 1,500 shops, soon had over
one quarter of the British footwear market. <o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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<span lang="EN">Archival papers
relating to Freeman, Hardy and Willis (in its various incarnations) are
described at <a href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=056-de2357&cid=2#2"><span face=""verdana" , "sans-serif"">http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=056-de2357&cid=2#2</span></a> and available to view in the
Leicestershire, Leicester and Rutland Record Office</span><o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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Useful Books<o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></h1>
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Fox, Alan, <em style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">A
History of the National Union of Boot and Shoe Operatives 1874-1957</em>,
Blackwell, 1954.<span lang="EN" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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Hall, Joseph Sparkes <i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">The Book of the Feet: A History of
Boots and Shoes</i>, BiblioBazaar, 2009.<o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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Lehane, Brendan, <i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">C and J Clark, 1825-1975</i>, Street ,
1975.<o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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Reynolds, Helen<i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">, A Fashionable History of the Shoe, </i>Heinemann
Library, 2004.<o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">
Riello, Giorgio and McNeil, Peter, <i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">Shoes: A History from
Sandals to Sneakers, Berg Publishers, 2006.<o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></i></div>
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<i style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;" /></i>
<strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://amzn.to/2egoPae" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">Click here for more on books by Ruth A. Symes</a></span></strong></div>
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<a href="http://search.ancestry.co.uk/search/DB.aspx?dbid=1219" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">http://search.ancestry.co.uk/search/DB.aspx?dbid=1219</span></a><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">
Military Records of Ancestors Who Fought in the First World War.<span lang="EN" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;" /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">
<span lang="EN" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.clarks.co.uk/historyandheritage" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">www.clarks.co.uk/historyandheritage</span></a><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"> The
history of Clarks shoes.<o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;" /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">
<span lang="EN" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/-SEARS-PLC-Company-History/html" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/-SEARS-PLC-Company-History/html</span></a><o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">
<span lang="EN" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">This site gives
an overview of the development of Sears PLC including its acquisition of
Freeman, Hardy and Willis and other shoe retailers.<o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;" /></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">
<span lang="EN" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=18743" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=18743</span></a><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">
British History Online Site, Victoria County Histories description of the
village of Henstridge.<o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;" /></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">
<span lang="EN" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.unionancestors.co.uk/bootmakers.htm" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">http://www.unionancestors.co.uk/bootmakers.htm</span></a><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">
History of the National Union of Boot and Shoe Operatives<o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;" /></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">
<span lang="EN" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.twixtaireandcalder.org.uk/default.htm" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">http://www.twixtaireandcalder.org.uk/default.htm</span></a><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">
Website of the Wakefield District in words and pictures<o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;" /></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">
<span lang="EN" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=056-de2357&cid=2#2" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=056-de2357&cid=2#2</span></a><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;">
Description of archival papers relating to Freeman, Hardy and Willis. <o:p style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://www.clarksvillage.co.uk/" target="_blank"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">http://www.clarksvillage.co.uk</span></a><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> Clarks
Village and shoe museum </span></span></div>
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</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><b style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;" /></b></span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: black; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
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Keywords: European ancestors, Europe, ancestry, family history, genealogy, oral history, England, English, British Isles, UK, England, English, shoes, footwear, Freeman, Hardy and Willis</div>
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Ruth A Symeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16998386806885990168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2363643930133509333.post-87603817083334096142023-08-24T08:11:00.019-07:002023-08-26T09:03:47.503-07:00Using Newspapers in Your Family History Research<p> [This article first appeared in <i>Who Do You Think You Are?</i> Magazine, 2022]</p><p class="yiv8316278962msonormal" style="background: white;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt;">Focus on Newspapers <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="yiv8316278962msonormal" style="background: white;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt;">by Ruth A Symes<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="yiv8316278962msonormal" style="background: white;"><br /></p><p class="yiv8316278962msonormal" style="background: white;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgBZqruW33-qgQ5h_NOqmpVtHYTtIyzeGuVE-Hp4CFAxaji33DDug5KB_zjZu6BiutNbtoZph173pCM0rIIAlJ17EpHAQFAx9ccLQf5S-9zT9BPLwa8RSisjPIP_P9y5GnWnKkP2_1LO9J94EQkzs7WnhO5L0gJlUCbRYwve3evE5EXn30xyjkx6ubSSdyQ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="920" data-original-width="640" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgBZqruW33-qgQ5h_NOqmpVtHYTtIyzeGuVE-Hp4CFAxaji33DDug5KB_zjZu6BiutNbtoZph173pCM0rIIAlJ17EpHAQFAx9ccLQf5S-9zT9BPLwa8RSisjPIP_P9y5GnWnKkP2_1LO9J94EQkzs7WnhO5L0gJlUCbRYwve3evE5EXn30xyjkx6ubSSdyQ=w360-h297" width="360" /></a></div><br /> <div><i>The Northern Star, 2nd December 1837. Via Wikimedia Commons.</i><p></p><p class="yiv8316278962msonormal" style="background: white;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">You may be only a few keyboard strokes away
from finding out much more about the events, incidents and background of your
ancestor’s life. That’s because one of the easiest ways of enriching your
knowledge about your family in the past is by looking at relevant newspaper
accounts. And, today, there are several online sources which allow you to access
some of these papers quickly, cheaply (and sometimes even for free) from the
comfort of your own living room.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">References in newspapers to individual
ancestors might include announcements of births, marriages or deaths as well as
longer obituaries – these might give more factual information about your
ancestors’ key dates than the certificates you already have. More excitingly,
he or she might have been hailed as local hero for some reason or another, fined
for some misdemeanour, imprisoned for a crime, or injured in an accident. A
relative’s business or place of work might be named in adverts or legal notices;
his or her words as a witness at an event might be recorded. Depending on time
and place, all of these kinds of stories regularly turned up in the press in
the past. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">And even if you don’t find the name of an
individual ancestor, newspapers can provide a whole host of detail about the community
in which he or she was living. No other resource allows you so clearly to experience
the life of your family in the past. At the very least, remember that a local
newspaper would probably have been your ancestor’s only window on the wider world
in eras before the advent of radio, television and other news media.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">History of Newspapers in Britain<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Newspapers – in the sense of regular periodic
printed accounts of important happenings - <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>started in Britain in the seventeenth century
but don’t expect to see information about your relatives in these very early
pages ! At first, papers provided news only from the court and then from London
more generally, so you won’t find anything relating to an ‘ordinary’ provincial
ancestor within them. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">As time went on, however, more and more
newspapers were produced, first in London, then in other major cities and in
smaller towns. The price of newspapers was high – at roughly 7 pence, they were
beyond the means of the average man - since proprietors were subject to various
government taxes. Nevertheless, the new papers were starting to give voice to a
lively variety of different political, religious and geographical viewpoints. It
was not until all newspaper taxes were dropped in 1855 that the sheer number of
titles available and the average circulation of newspapers increased massively.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">The advent of universal state education in
1870 led to far greater numbers of working-class newspaper readers after this date
and the likelihood of you finding an ‘ordinary’ ancestor within a newspaper
increases exponentially as we approach the mid-twentieth century. With the
increase in the availability of news came an expansion in its content so that
sport and entertainment now featured alongside (and sometimes even dominated)
accounts of political and social events. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Improvements in rail communication, printing
and in the quality of journalism itself further boosted newspaper numbers and readership
figures.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">There is much to be said for simply browsing newspapers
online and seeing what turns up, but if you are intent on finding out something
fairly specific about the lives of your ancestors, take a little time first to
jot down what you already know about him or her (in terms of locality, time
period and cultural background) in order to start your search in the right
place.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">*Ask yourself about which town or county your
ancestor would have been living in – and be aware of changing geographical
boundaries: Liverpool, for example, would have appeared in Lancashire papers. It’s
worth checking with a library or historical institution local to where your
ancestor came from to see which newspapers may have serviced that area. Some
newspaper titles had longevity, others lasted only a few years, or even a few
months.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Consider the time period in which your
ancestor lived. If he fought in World War One, you might want to give special
attention to newspapers from that era (see particularly the newspapers
available at </span><a href="http://www.ancestry.co.uk/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">www.ancestry.co.uk</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Ask yourself whether your ancestor was a
member of a particular ethnic, cultural, religious, social or political group? A
Catholic ancestor, for example, might have read or appeared in </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">The Tablet</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">,
a Jewish ancestor in the </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Jewish Chronicle</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">, or a relative with Communist
leanings, the </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Daily Worker</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">. *</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">The British Newspaper Archive and Find My
Past<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">A good place to start your research is at the
British Newspaper Archive online <a name="_Hlk86162951">https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/.
</a>This site is the result of a partnership between the British Library and FindMyPast
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;"><a href="http://www.findmypast.co.uk/">www.findmypast.co.uk/</a><span class="MsoHyperlink">). </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">The same content is, therefore, available by subscription
to the FindmyPast website</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">In both cases, whilst searching is free,
actually viewing a relevant newspaper page involves a fee. You can pay a
monthly subscription, or a year’s subscription (currently between £12-£14 a
month on BNA or FindmyPast Pro Subscription). There is also a
Pay-AS-YOU-GO</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">option on both sites,
should you only wish to view a very small number of pages. The resource
includes over 45 million pages of local and regional papers across England,
Scotland and Wales from 1699 to 2009. A recent addition to the collection is the
archive of the Scotland’s oldest national newspaper, </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">The Scotsman, </i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">from</span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">
</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">1817-1950.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">A million pages have been made available for
free, with the promise of another million free pages to be added every year for
the next four years. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">These papers range
in date from 1720-1880. The latter date (now more than 140 years ago) is
considered a safe date before which all material is out of copyright.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Each page has been completely digitised and you
can search by a keyword such as </span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">your ancestor's name, the
address at which he lived, the company for which he worked or an
association or interest group with which he was associated. You can download
relevant pages to your computer, print them out for safekeeping and even send them
to other interested family members by email or other messaging system.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Don’t assume that every page of every
newspaper ever published is already available online. The collection is growing
all the time – indeed it is increasing at the rate of half a million pages per
month - </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">so if the paper you want has not
yet appeared, keep checking the sites from time to time to see if it has been
added.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">The Genealogist (</span></b><a href="http://www.genealogist.co.uk/"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">www.genealogist.co.uk</span></b></a><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">)</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">This is a good place to start if your
ancestor experienced the First World War. Accessible to its Diamond Subscribers
(for a fee of roughly £400 per annum), online newspapers here include (but are
not limited to) : </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">The Illustrated War News</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"> (1914-1918), </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">The Great War</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">
(1914-1919), </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">War Illustrated</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"> (1914-1919). Also available on this site
are editions of the </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Illustrated London News</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"> (1842-1919) and the </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Jewish
Chronicle</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"> from (1905-1908).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ancestry (</span></b><a href="http://www.ancestry.co.uk/"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">www.ancestry.co.uk</span></b></a><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Ancestry has significant holding of papers
from Scotland and Northern Ireland. These include: </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">The Dunfermline Journal</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">
(1851-1931); </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">The Belfast Newsletter</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"> (1738-1925) and a selection of
Edinburgh papers (the </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Advertiser</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">, </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Courant</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">, </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Evening Courant</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">,
</span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Chronicle</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">, </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Evening Chronicle</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"> and </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Weekly Journal</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">) from
various dates in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Ancestry also holds
copies of </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">The Times</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"> (1788-1833); and ad hoc papers from Liverpool and
Staffordshire.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>*Other
Online Newspaper Archives<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">There are a few online newspaper archives
that house only a selected number of titles or even one title. Before taking out
a subscription to any of these, check to see if your local library provides
them for free (access might be in the library itself or at home online via a
library membership number). Libraries in UK Institutions of Further and Higher
Education might also allow access to certain newspaper databases and can
sometime be accessed for free for non-members with a daily or weekly Reader
Card.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The UK Press Archive (</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="http://www.ukpressonline/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">www.ukpressonline</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">) </span></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>includes: <i>The Daily Mirror </i>(1803-1980); <i>Daily
Express</i> (1903- current); <i>Church Times</i> (1863-current); <i>The
Watchman</i> (1835-1884); <i>The Daily Worker</i> (1930-1945);
and <i>The South Eastern Gazette</i> (1852-1912). This can be accessed
via a private annual or 6 month subscription, or free through a subscribing
public library.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">The Times
Digital Archive</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.gale.com/intl/c/the-times-digital-archive"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">https://www.gale.com/intl/c/the-times-digital-archive</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">) provides the content of the world’s longest standing
continuously running newspaper from 1785-2019. Access is only through
subscribing institutions.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The Welsh Newspaper Archive, (</span><a href="http://www.newspapers.library.wales/" style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">www.newspapers.library.wales/</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">) </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>includes ov</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">er 15 million
newspaper articles in Welsh and English speaking papers. Free to search and
view.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span><i><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The Jewish
Chronicle</span></i><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> Archive (</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="http://www.thejc.com/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">www.thejc.com</span></a></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">/archive) provides
online access to the world’s oldest Jewish newspaper from 1841. This is free to
search. Viewers must be subscribers of the paper or pay £2.50 per viewing
session.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span><i><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The Tablet</span></i><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> (</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">www://archive.thetablet.co.uk)/</span></a></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> The entire text of
the Catholic newspaper, <i>The Tablet</i>, from 1840 to the present day. Access
is by subscription.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The <i>Guardian</i> (1821-2003)
and <i>Observer</i> (1791-1923) Digital Archive (</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="http://www.theguardian.newspapers.com/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">www.theguardian.newspapers.com</span></a></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Papers date back to 1791 including around 13
million articles. Free to search/pay to view.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; text-align: left;">The National Library of Scotland (</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.nls.uk/collections/newspapers/online"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">www.nls.uk/collections/newspapers/online</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">)</span></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; text-align: left;"> This digital
collection includes items ranging from the earliest newspaper printed in
Scotland, to modern online titles. It also includes hundreds of broadsides, the
forerunners of tabloid newspapers. Free to search/pay to view.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Manx National
Heritage (</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="http://www.imuseum.im/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">www.imuseum.im</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">)</span></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> 27 Manx newspaper
titles from 1792-1960 have recently been made free to search and view.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; text-align: left;">If you can’t find a newspaper from
the locality you are looking for, it’s worth doing a general Google search. A
few miscellaneous papers have been digitised by volunteers and are often available
to view freely. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One of these is the
independent local newspaper <i>The Teesdale Mercury</i> (1855-2005) (</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.teesdalemercuryarchive.org.uk/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">www.teesdalemercuryarchive.org.uk</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; text-align: left;">) which provides the information for free but encourages donations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Whilst searching newspapers is one of the easiest
ways of enriching your family history research, there are some potential
pitfalls. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Fake News ? <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Always treat a newspaper article with a
degree of scepticism. It’s easy to get over-excited if you spot your ancestor’s
name in a page of newspaper text but be careful not to jump to conclusions. Even
if the name seems a particularly uncommon one to you, there may have been many
people in a local area with the same name. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Be aware that newspaper copy might be
superficial or full of errors. It might have been written as a method of
propaganda, or might have been subject to censorship, for example, not all
bombing raids during the Second World War were reported in the press for fear
of lowering public morale.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Think carefully about the kind of the paper
that you are looking at. Was it local, regional, or national? Is it likely to
have had a particular religious or political bias? You might need to look at a
number of reports of the same event or incident in different papers in order to
piece together a more accurate picture of what actually happened.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Caught on a Technicality ?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16pt;">Newspapers online have been scanned from microfilms of original papers
and made into pdfs or similar. They have been indexed using Optical Character
Recognition (OCR) technology. Since this is only 98-99% accurate, mistakes will
occasionally be found. The BNA/FindmyPpst encourages reporting of these mistakes.
Additionally, zooming in on articles can require patience whilst a new ‘tile’
loads.</span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">At the moment there is no facility at the BNA/Findmypast to print out
individual articles from a newspaper, but whole pages can be printed, and the
site gives advice on how you can clip out the article you wish for yourself.
You can send articles to friends and post them to social media providing you
cite the BNA/FindmyPast and include the copyright reference number given for
each page on the site. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Annotated Document </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">Manchester
Evening News, 27<sup>th</sup> December 1927</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">Annotations</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b style="text-indent: -20.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="text-indent: -20.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">Special Occasions</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Look
out for anniversaries (eg. Silver and Golden Weddings). These were celebrated
more publicly from the 1920s onwards. This page also includes the local ‘Rolls
of Honour, Births, Marriages and Deaths and In Memoriam Notices.’</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b style="text-indent: -20.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="text-indent: -20.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">Photographs</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">You
may be surprised to come across previously unseen photographs of your ancestors
in early twentieth-century papers. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b style="text-indent: -20.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="text-indent: -20.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">Hard facts [</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">The Golden Wedding Anniversary notice of
Mr and Mrs Shawcross ]</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Gives the
date and address of the church in which the couple married, their home address,
her occupation, his occupation, his employer’s name, length of service, and
date of retirement.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-indent: -20.25pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style="text-indent: -20.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">‘Soft’ (opinion) details [</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">The Shawcross notice
and separately The Hardcastle notice. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Tells
us the opinion that Mrs Shawcross was a ‘well-known’ midwife.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Tells
us the opinion that the Hardcastle couple were in ‘good health.’</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="text-indent: -20.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="text-indent: -20.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">Adjacent articles </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -20.25pt;">[Shawcross notice and Hardcastle
notice] </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">The Shawcross and Hardcastle husbands
worked in the same occupation and business (as dyers for Messrs Worrall Ltd of
Ordsall Lane) and the two couples married at approximately the same time.
Perhaps they were relations or friends as well as work colleagues?</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="text-indent: -20.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="text-indent: -20.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">Flavour of a locality and an era</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">This
page describes various features of life in Manchester over the Christmas Bank Holiday
of 1927 including leisure activities such as pantomimes, charabanc tours, golf,
rambling and cycling, football and horse-racing results. The page also covers profit-sharing
paid to the employees of Hartley’s Jam Factory in Aintree, Liverpool, local
accidental deaths and some news from abroad (an attack on a postal van in
Paris).</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">BIOGRAPHY: J</span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">ohn Gilbert: Newspaper
Wood Engraver (1817-1897)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">Before the technology was invented to include photographs in
newspapers, newspaper editors relied on drawings produced from wood engravings.
One of the most prolific newspaper artists was John Gilbert, born in
Blackheath, Surrey in 1817. Gilbert’s first job as an estate agent did not suit
him at all. He spent every spare minute drawing and painting in watercolours
and oils, chiefly copying prints from books. His skills were such that by 1836,
he was exhibiting </span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">at the Society of British Artists and two years later at the
Royal Academy.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #202122; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Gilbert’s later talent for wood engraving resulted in commissions
from </span><i style="color: #202122; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Punch, </i><span style="color: #202122; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">but he produced far more illustrations for the press after</span><i style="color: #202122; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">
</i><span style="color: #202122; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">newsagent and printer Herbert Ingram commissioned woodcut images on the
subject of a royal masquerade ball to be held on Thursday May 12</span><sup style="color: #202122; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">th</sup><span style="color: #202122; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"> 1842.
Working from written descriptions of the historical costumes that the guests were
expected to wear, Gilbert speedily drew the illustrations directly onto woodblocks.
The first edition of the </span><i style="color: #202122; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Illustrated London News</i><span style="color: #202122; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"> was launched that very
weekend with Gilbert’s pictures ensuring an avid and interested readership. A
long career as a news illustrator with that paper and with the </span><i style="color: #202122; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">London
Journal </i><span style="color: #202122; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">followed.</span></p>
<p class="yiv8316278962msonormal" style="background: white;"><span style="color: #202122; font-size: 16pt;">Outside the world of newspapers, Gilbert
produced illustrations for published editions of all the English poets
including almost 750 images for an edition of Shakespeare.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt;">First President of St Martin’s School of Art (founded in 1854), President
of the Royal Watercolour Society (1871), and knighted in 1872, unmarried </span><span style="color: #202122; font-size: 16pt;">Gilbert died in 1897. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="yiv8316278962msonormal" style="background: white;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="yiv8316278962msonormal" style="background: white;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 16pt;">Resources <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 7.5pt 36pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0f1111; font-size: 16pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #0f1111; font-size: 16pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Local Newspapers
1750-1920: A Select Location List: England and Wales, Channel Islands, Isle of
Man (Guides for Genealogists, Family and Local Historians)</span></i><span style="color: #0f1111; font-size: 16pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #565959; font-size: 16pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">compiled </span><span style="color: #0f1111; font-size: 16pt;">by Jeremy Gibson</span><span style="color: #565959; font-size: 16pt;">, Brett Langston and Brenda W Smith. The
Family History Partnership, 2011. Describes precisely by county and local area
what newspapers were published and when. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="yiv8316278962msonormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #0f1111; font-size: 16pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="color: #565959; font-size: 16pt;">Historical Research Using British
Newspapers</span></i><span style="color: #565959; font-size: 16pt;"> by Denise
Bates, Pen and Sword 2016. Looks at how newspapers can provide forgotten
details and new insights into historical events and examines the pros and cons
of using newspapers as a resource.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0f1111; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: #0f1111; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">3.</span><i><span style="color: #565959; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;"> R</span></i><i><span style="color: #0f1111; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">ead All About It!:
A History of the British Newspaper</span></i><span style="color: #0f1111; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">, by Kevin Williams, Routledge,
2009. Looks at the way newspapers have changed in form, style, content and
relationship to government since their inception in the seventeenth century.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 18pt;"><span style="color: #0f1111; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">4. The Science
Museum Digital Library </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/digital-librar"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/digital-librar</span></a></span><span style="color: #0f1111; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">y.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0f1111; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Registered readers of
the Science Museum have free access to the British Newspaper Archive (on site
at the Museum) in addition to other online resources.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white;"><span style="color: #0f1111; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: #0f1111; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #0f1111; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; text-indent: -18pt;">Boston Spa Library
(https://www.bl.uk/visit/reading-rooms/boston-spa). </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #202124; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -18pt;">The British Library, Boston Spa, Wetherby LS23 7BQ. </span><span style="color: #0f1111; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; text-indent: -18pt;">This is the physical
home of the UK national newspaper collection. A Reader Pass is required to
enter – see website for details. Actual newspapers can be read here, and there
is free access to the British Newspaper Archive online.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><b><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Step By Step <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><b><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Step One</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Access the British Newspaper Archive
Online at<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="http://www.findmypast.co.uk/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">www.findmypast.co.uk</span></a></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> or at </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/</span></a></span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">. Type the name of
your ancestor into the search box. On the BNA site, you should surround the
name with inverted commas <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(these limit
the results to those where both words appear together) eg. “Charles Terrell”.
You will probably see a large number of results – in this case 17.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><b><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Step Two<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Reduce the number of results by
checking/ticking one or more of the filter options displayed on the right-hand
side of the page, eg time period, article type, region, place, name of
newspaper, access type (whether free to view or not). The number of results
will drop to a more manageable level – in this case, using the time period
filter </span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">1900-1949 – in this case 11.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><b><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Step Three<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Read through the brief details of
each result. Identify those that look most promising. Click to view (if you are
already a subscriber to the site), or click to access Pay-As-You-Go.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">Did You Know</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;"> ?</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="color: #3f3f3f; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Print runs
of the </span><i style="color: #3f3f3f; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Times</i><span style="color: #3f3f3f; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"> and the </span><i style="color: #3f3f3f; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Telegraph</i><span style="color: #3f3f3f; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"> quickly reached more than 100,000
in the second half of the nineteenth century.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">Author Byline <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Ruth A Symes is a freelance
writer and historian. Her books include </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Tracing Your Ancestors Through
Letters and Personal Writings</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"> (Pen and Sword, 2016)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Keywords: Newspapers, news, nineteenth century, twentieth century, eighteenth century, Britain, British, John Gilbert, engravings, England, English, births, marriages, deaths, UK, wedding anniversaries, press, British Newspaper Archive, ancestors, ancestry, forebears, media, regional, local, family history research, genealogy, searchmyancestry, who do you think you are, long lost family</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span></p></div>Ruth A Symeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16998386806885990168noreply@blogger.com0Queen's Rd, Hale, Altrincham WA15 9HD, UK53.3834954 -2.338826231.968450639838426 -37.4950762 74.798540160161579 32.8174238tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2363643930133509333.post-8694460337956585772023-08-24T08:03:00.014-07:002023-08-26T08:55:37.899-07:00'An Eye on the Weather': How Our Ancestors Monitored Their Climate<p> [This article first appeared in <i>Who Do You Think You Are? </i>Magazine in 2022]</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">‘An Eye on the
Weather’: How Our Ancestors Monitored Their Climate<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">By Ruth A Symes<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj9kT3I5MYzWImEkSi0IVoo4KyJXq8CvSwdHA31XgNWJA36qaMM8HfQoc0MkO9vJohFkCVrihhAU9svK8YwtAEJoohvK3aPlnLjNywdtLqzgyaOn5V_LxchKiJ5jVzP-ovTy-EennsfKJrOHZU-uCrW8uXz-Ca84bdaAYEVPu8UQ4zTAXLqF2rJKqre77_g" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="331" data-original-width="640" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj9kT3I5MYzWImEkSi0IVoo4KyJXq8CvSwdHA31XgNWJA36qaMM8HfQoc0MkO9vJohFkCVrihhAU9svK8YwtAEJoohvK3aPlnLjNywdtLqzgyaOn5V_LxchKiJ5jVzP-ovTy-EennsfKJrOHZU-uCrW8uXz-Ca84bdaAYEVPu8UQ4zTAXLqF2rJKqre77_g=w663-h221" width="663" /></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /> <i>Study of Rooftops in the Snow (Camden), William Lionel Wyllie, 1860s/70s. </i></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">On Thursday 15</span><sup style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">th</sup><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;"> July 1762, alongside
the usual records of births, marriages and deaths, a rector in Norfolk noted in
his parish register that ‘there happened a most violent storm of thunder,
lightning, hail and rain, the violence of which resulted in the roof of
Billockby parish church falling in, broking [sic] down the seats and causing
great damaged to the pulpit and desk.’ </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">This kind of meteorological detail<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>– though not <i>required</i> by the
authorities - was pretty commonly entered in registers by interested members of
the clergy. And, whilst not constituting a comprehensive record of weather in
the past, they do show how central concerns about the weather were to the
communities in which our ancestors lived. Vicars tended to record events that
particularly affected their immediate locality and the church itself, so there
are, for example, many accounts of churchyards being so hard and frozen that
graves couldn’t be dug. Such parochial accounts of the weather have not,
unfortunately, made it to the commercial online genealogical but if you are
able to read parish registers in a County Record Office, you might potentially
find mentions of shipwrecks, poor harvests, and food shortages – all of which
were the result of weather events.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Our ancestors were as interested in the weather as
we are – indeed, in the absence of central heating, air conditioning and
motorized vehicles, they no doubt paid more attention to it than we do. Average
temperatures and rainfall determined everything from the kinds of homes in
which they lived, the work they did, the food they ate, the transportation they
used and the clothing they favoured. Climate will also have played a part in
many of the life events and life decisions that turn up in family history
records determining dates of marriage, informing the statistics on causes of
death and seasonal mortality rates, and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>even shaping decisions to emigrate, migrate or
stay put in one geographical region.</span><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">You might want to
find out what the weather was like on the day your ancestors were married, or
ascertain whether the bronchitis from which they died was brought on by a
particularly cold spell. You might be interested in what motivated them to move
to a different county or country, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or
want to know more about the weather conditions as they emigrated or were
transported. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">So how can you find
out more ?| Happily, the resources for historic weather are<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>multiple.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Newspapers<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Historic newspapers
can now be searched (many of them freely) via the British Newspaper archive (</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="http://www.britishnewspaperarchive/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">www.britishnewspaperarchive</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">.co.uk</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">). Newspapers often
gave a brief description of the weather over the past 24 hours with a
prediction for the next day. At special times, a detailed account of weather
conditions over a period of time might be given as is the case in <i>The Carlisle
Journal</i> 23<sup>rd</sup> November 1811 where a table of pressure, windspeeds
and temperatures taken over the previous three weeks at Dumfries was included
in the paper around the time of the appearance of a comet. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other newspaper accounts present the human
angle:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on August 12<sup>th</sup> 1896,
for example, <i>The Northern Daily Telegraph</i> commented beneath the subtitle
‘Heat-wave in London’ that, “There was a remarkable accession of heat in London
yesterday. Coming after several days with a marked low temperature, the heat
was felt with exceptional severity. No fewer than 86 degrees (F) were
registered in the shade, and during the afternoon, numerous cases of sunstroke
were treated at the various Metropolitan hospitals and other institutions.’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Almanacs and
Diaries <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">In the Victorian
period, printed almanacs were purchased and pored over by all social classes.
These quirky little books occupied an odd place between superstition and science.
From at least the seventeenth century, it was widely believed that the weather
for a whole year could be predicted from the movement of the tide, the moon and
the planets. The kind of almanacs that might turn up today in antiquarian
bookshops and archives included calendars, meteorological information,
astronomical positions and prophecy alongside space for diary entries. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Our nineteenth and early twentieth -century century
ancestors were kept entertained by the increasing variety and affordability of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>apparatus for calibrating the weather
including temperature gauges, barometers and rain gauges. Some enthusiasts,
such as became so adept at recording weather features that <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>their diaries actually became the starting
point for some aspects of modern meteorological enquiry. Francis Beaufort’s
(1774-1857) observations, for example became the basis for the Beaufort’ Scale (</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">a measure for describing wind intensity based on observed sea
conditions). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Additionally, ordinary
people frequently made ad hoc mention of the weather in diaries and letters. The
published diary of the Rev. Kilvert of Herefordshire records that in chapel on Sunday
13<sup>th</sup> February 1870, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for
example, his ‘beard, moustaches and whiskers were so stiff with ice that I
could barely open my mouth and my beard was frozen on to my mackintosh.’ Worse
still, he had to baptise a baby in a font in which ice was floating!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">An ancestor’s diary might turn up in family papers.
Alternatively, a trip to a local record office searched through the Discovery
Section of the National Archives website </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">www.nationalarchives.gov.uk</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>may yield material written by people who lived
in the same locality as your ancestor at the same time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">A writer’s diary entries on the weather might reveal
something of his or her religious beliefs (was a thunderbolt considered a
message from an angry God, for example? or was it purely seen in scientific terms?).
If a diarist tends to focus on only the gloomiest or the sunniest aspects of
the weather, you might also start to speculate on his or her temperament! <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">Official Records<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">A growing interest in science during the
Victorian period (boosted by the foundation of the Meteorological Office in
1854) means that a whole host of more scientific weather records began to be kept
by emergent weather stations, and observatories on land and at sea from the mid
nineteenth-century onwards. This means that all the major UK weather events,
from the harsh winters of 1947 and 1963 to the drought of 1976 and the Great
Storm of 1987, have left their imprint in numbers (temperature, pressure and
rainfall figures) as well as memories and ad hoc written accounts. More
information about six of the key weather stations (Eskmuirdale, Rothamsted,
Balmoral, Armagh, Morpeth (Cockle Park) and Llyysdinam) can be read at</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">www.metofficed.gov.uk/weather/learn-abpout/how-forecasts-are-made/observations/recording-observations-for-over-100-years.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">Until the 1960s, however, all of this
information was written on paper and left unanalysed in archives, Today,
scientists have realised the importance of historical-weather facts and figures.
Once scanned and transcribed, records can be analysed to enable the dynamic
recreation of 4D global weather patterns going back 150 years or more and hence
help to predict future weather patterns and potentially indicate climate change.
They may also provide new information and understanding for family historians.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">You can freely search historical weather
data from the current 37 weather stations around the British Isles at the
Meteorological Office website </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/historic-station-data"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/historic-station-data</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">ACRE Projects<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">Several potentially interesting
weather-related ‘citizen-science’ projects are currently being undertaken under
the umbrella of ACRE (Atmospheric Circulation Reconstruction over the Earth) led
by Dr Rob Allan of the UK Meteorological Office (see boxout). Volunteers have
offered their services in transcribing historical weather data and more are
always welcome. A few of the projects to whet your appetite are as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">Tempest Project <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( </span></b><a href="http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/geography/extreme-weather/search"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">www.nottingham.ac.uk/geography/extreme-weather/search</span></b></a><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">) </span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">This
freely available digital database on <b>extreme weather events</b> uses
information that has been extracted from archival records including<b> </b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">letters, diaries, church records,
school logbooks, newspaper cuttings and photographs. Entries span 500 years of
weather history and relate to places across the UK (and Ireland), but focussed
on five case-study regions: Central England, Southwest England, East Anglia,
Wales, and Northwest Scotland.</span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">In addition to information on
extreme weather events, you will find details of the original documents, their
authors and the collections and repositories in which they are held. </span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">Ships’
Logs<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(</span></b><a href="http://www.oldweather.org/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">www.oldweather.org</span></a><span class="eop"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> )Arctic, World War 2, whaling and worldwide weather
observations made in ships’ logs since the nineteenth century have been
transcribed and are freely available to search.</span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br />
</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Rainfall Rescue</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> (</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="http://www.zenodo.org/record/5770389" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">www.zenodo.org/record/5770389</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">) has made available
millions of monthly rainfall amounts, taken at thousands of sites across the UK
and Ireland between 1677 and 1960. On the 66,000 scanned sheets of paper are
the rainfall measurements, as well as the observer’s name and location, which
helps link the measurements to individual people. Census information has been
used to identify precise houses or sites where the observations were taken.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Weather Rescue at Sea</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> (</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="http://www.weatherrescue.org/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">www.WeatherRescue.org</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">) looks at data from
ship weather logbooks during the 1860s. Previous <b>Weather Rescue</b> projects
recovered hourly observations taken on the summit of Ben Nevis and in the town
of Fort William between 1883 and 1904, and also observations from the UK,
Ireland and mainland Europe recorded in the Met Office's Daily Weather Report
from 1861-1874. In the early 1860s, Vice Admiral Robert Fitzroy (former Captain
of HMS Beagle) sent weather measurement instruments to various UK locations so
that the weather could be continuously monitored for the purpose of providing
storm warnings to sailors. The daily observations were sent by telegraph back
to London each morning where they were collated and then used by Fitzroy to
make the very first storm warnings. By August 1861 these had become general
weather ‘forecasts’ – a word invented by Fitzroy himself. Volunteers have transcribed
the pressure, temperature and rainfall observations contained in the original
scanned documents. The data from these projects are gradually becoming
available at (</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/f4dbd99ad3634e64bb45ed6af216086a" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/f4dbd99ad3634e64bb45ed6af216086a</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span class="eop"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">The
</span></b></span><span class="normaltextrun"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Female
Convicts Research Centre in Tasmania</span></b></span><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> has transcribed weather records relating to
160 ships transporting 13,500 female convicts to Tasmania between 1803 and 1853
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(</span></span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.femaleconvicts.org.au/index.php/database/database-research" target="_blank"><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">https://www.femaleconvicts.org.au/index.php/database/database-research</span></span></a></span><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">).</span></span><span class="eop"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> To access these records you need to register as a
guest researcher at the Female Convicts’ Research Centre via the link above.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><a name="_Hlk92550706"><span class="normaltextrun"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">The Log of Logs</span></b></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk92550706;"><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> <a name="_Hlk92699318">(</a></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk92699318;"></span></span><a href="https://zenodo.org/record/6901#.XElxWZzgrQ0" target="_blank"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk92550706;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk92699318;"><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">https://zenodo.org/record/6901#.XElxWZzgrQ0</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk92550706;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk92699318;"><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">) </span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk92550706;"><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">details weather conditions on ships travelling into Australian and
New Zealand waters between 1788 and 1990. This freely searchable source
has been of particular interest to family historians searching for the ships on
which their ancestors sailed to Austr</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk92550706;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">alia<span class="eop"> and New Zealand.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk92550706;"></span>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="eop"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="eop"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">In
the future, family historians might look forward to the results of two other ACRE
projects being made available for research. One of these is a database of <b>Royal
Navy Medical Officers’ Journals, Convict Ships’ Surgeons Journals and Surgeon
Superintendents’ Journals<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>all <b>of </b>which
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>recorded weather conditions (through observation
and weather instruments) alongside health matters on (convict) ships. <b>Weather
and the Country House</b></span></span><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> is a (currently
stalled) joint project between ACRE and Oxford University which <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aims to uncover archival weather/climate and
related material, especially historical instrumental weather observations that
could be scanned and digitised, from member properties of the Historic Houses
Association.</span></span><span class="eop"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="eop"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #333a42; font-size: 14pt;">For a summary of all the historical
weather projects run by ACRE and to offer your own volunteer transcription
services visit. www.</span><a href="http://met-acre.net/citsci.htm"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">citsci (met-acre.net)</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-themecolor: text1;">B<b>oxout : Dr Rob Allan and
the ACRE project<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 106%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dr Rob Allan is the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>International
ACRE Project Manager based<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at the
Meteorological Office in Exeter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He has also
worked on his own family history over many years. Following his development of
the International </span><a href="https://www.met-acre.net/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-themecolor: text1;">Atmospheric Circulation Reconstructions over the
Earth (ACRE)</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-themecolor: text1;">
</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 106%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Initiative in 2007, he became interested in
how his professional life and his interest in genealogy might be brought
together. The result is the genesis of a series of fascinating historical
weather projects (detailed in the main text)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 106%; mso-themecolor: text1;">ACRE is a ‘grassroots’ initiative, which marshals together the
international weather and climate data rescue and science communities for
common benefit. It<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>involves a variety of
international historical weather data rescue activities (recovering,
imaging/scanning, and digitising historical global instrumental terrestrial and
marine weather observations for as far back in time as possible). These data
are then fed into dynamical weather reconstructions producing sub-daily weather
maps at various heights throughout the depth of the atmosphere extending back
into the nineteenth century. The aim is to make these weather reconstructions –
which have a quality one sees in modern TV weather presentations <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- freely available to all. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 106%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dr Allan’s particular passion has been for the <b>Log of Logs</b>
project launched in 2013 <span class="normaltextrun">at </span></span><a href="https://zenodo.org/record/6901#.XElxWZzgrQ0"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 106%;">https://zenodo.org/record/6901#.XElxWZzgrQ0</span></a><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 106%; mso-themecolor: text1;">. </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 106%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-themecolor: text1;">You can find out more about the ACRE project online
at</span><span style="background: white; color: #006621; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #006621; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">www.met-acre.org</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-themecolor: text1;">. </span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">ACRE also has a social media presence on
</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/metacre/"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Facebook</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> and </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://twitter.com/met_acre"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Twitter</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Timeline <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">1st February 1444</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">. St Paul’s Cathedral
is struck by lightning in a terrible storm; the steeple is set on fire.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">Winter 1607-8</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">. Very low
temperatures lead to the Thames freezing over; so thick is the ice that a ‘Frost
Fair’ is held upon it. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">26<sup>th</sup>
November 1703</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">. A Great Storm in Central and Southern England causes devastation <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- for the first time, news bulletins about
casualties and deaths are sold all over England. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; color: #202122; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">Winter 1708-1709.</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #202122; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"> The <b>Great
Frost</b>, as it was known in England, or </span><i><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Le Grand Hiver</span></i><span style="background: white; color: #202122; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"> ("The Great Winter"), as it was known in
France, is billed as the coldest European winter for 500 years. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="background: white; color: #3d3d3d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">14th/15th September, 1786</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #3d3d3d; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">: A
major storm destroys houses, overturns coaches and wagons, tears up trees and
kills many people, with the Midlands worst hit by winds of up to 80 knots. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">1815-1817 </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">A ‘climate crisis’
brought on by the eruption of the volcano Tambora in Indonesia causes the
destruction of crops and consequent food shortages across Europe and North
America.<b> <o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">6<sup>th</sup>
January 1839. </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The so-called Big Wind <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- a
European windstorm – sweeps across Ireland and Western England wreaking havoc
with great loss of life. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">June 1858. </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">A heatwave in London exacerbates
the decomposition of rubbish in streets and river leading to the ‘The Great
Stink’ and outbreaks <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">31<sup>st</sup>
January 1953. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Wind, high tide and
low pressure causes the North sea to flood land up to 5.6 metres above mean sea
level on Britain’s East Coast.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>23<sup>rd</sup> June – 27<sup>th</sup> August 1976
</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">An unprecedentedly long summer heatwave without rain, especially in the
South West, led to drought, food shortages and a hike in food prices. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">9 Weather Sources for Family Historians
<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1.</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: medium; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> 1. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Pa</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">rish Registers, Diaries
and Letters</span><o:p style="font-size: 14pt;"></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">www.discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Search County Record Offices for the location
of parish registers (dating back as far as 1538 in some cases). These might
include notes on the weather from the locality in which you are interested.
Record Offices might also hold relevant diaries and letters. Viewed originals by
appointment on site.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="normaltextrun"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b></span><!--[endif]--><span class="normaltextrun"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Newspaper Reports<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk</span></a><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The British Newspaper Archive -<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Daily and weekly newspapers from 1700 to the
present day. These can be searched according to date, newspaper title, locality
or keyword. Many pages can be viewed for free. They may give a record of recent
weather events and there may also be longer articles recording the results of
storm damage, heatwaves and the like.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="normaltextrun"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b></span><!--[endif]--><span class="normaltextrun"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Almanacs<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/history/Almanacs,_Astrology_and_the_Origins_of_Weather.pdf"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/history/Almanacs,_Astrology_and_the_Origins_of_Weather.pdf</span></a><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Almanacs,
Astrology and the Origins of Weather Reading University History Archive <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="normaltextrun"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">This research project
catalogues almanacs from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries in three
departments at the University of Reading: the History Department, the Mr John
Lewis Collection at Special Collections and the Ephemera Collection at the Department
of Typography. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Diaries, Logbooks, Images, Journals</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm;"><a href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/library-and-archive"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/library-and-archive</span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;"> National Meteorological Library and
Archives at the Meteorological Archive in Exeter. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;">This includes a </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">comprehensive collection of data,
meteorological texts and journals, access to a collection of images,
photos and slides depicting all aspects of meteorology, a collection of private
weather diaries dating back to the early eighteenth century, marine weather
logbooks, a series of factsheets and on-site internet access
and access to online journals. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;">4. Data from UK Weather Stations<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/historic-station-data"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/historic-station-data</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Select a weather station from around
the UK and view historic weather data including temperature and rainfall for
years dating back to 1961.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="normaltextrun"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b></span><!--[endif]--><span class="normaltextrun"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Ships’ Logs<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.oldweather.org/"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">www.oldweather.org</span></a><span class="eop"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (linked
to ACRE) is a citizen science project helping to transcribe Arctic, World War
2, whaling and worldwide weather observations made in ships’ logs since the
nineteenth century. Volunteer transcribers are welcome to join the projects.</span></span><span class="eop"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="normaltextrun"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b></span><!--[endif]--><span class="normaltextrun"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Hydrographic and
Navigational Documents <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">www.gov.uk/guidance/the-ukho-archive</span></b></span><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The UK Hydrographic Office
(UKHO) (f.1795). Contains hundreds of thousands of hydrographic and
navigational documents, such as Royal Navy Remarks books. Many of these include
detailed meteorological observations, from the seventeenth century onwards.
Highlights are surveys by Captain Cook and records relating to HMS Beagle and
Charles Darwin. Searches can be done in person at the archive in Taunton,
remotely or by payment of a research fee in advance to the archive. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">7.</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: medium; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"> 7. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-size: medium;">W</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">eather
Data Rescue</span><o:p style="font-size: 14pt;"></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #006621; font-family: Roboto;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Roboto; mso-themecolor: text1;">https://www.idare-portal.org</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>International
WMO Data Rescue Project<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Open Sans",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #262626;">Umbrella site covering the many projects worldwide to collate
historic weather data and explaining how you might get involved,</span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="normaltextrun"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b></span><!--[endif]--><span class="normaltextrun"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ships in Australian
and New Zealand Waters<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">The Log of Logs <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(</span></b></span><a href="https://zenodo.org/record/6901#.XElxWZzgrQ0" target="_blank"><span class="normaltextrun"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">https://zenodo.org/record/6901#.XElxWZzgrQ0</span></b></span></a><span class="normaltextrun"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">) <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">A freely available
online source which details weather conditions on ships travelling into
Australian and New Zealand waters between 1788 and 1990. </span></span><span class="eop"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="eop"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="eop"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Historical Weather Events of Interest<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.theweathernetwork.com/weatherhistory"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">www.theweathernetwork.com/weatherhistory</span></b></a><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Weather Network - This Day in Weather
History<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Miscellaneous
articles on international weather events over the past two centuries including
Weather in the Trenches during the first World War, typhoons during World War
Two and weather over ten Christmases in history.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="eop"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #0b0c0c; font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 106%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Weather in numbers <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1.</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: medium; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;"><b> 1. </b></span></span></span><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><!--[endif]--></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">12</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">0</span></span></b><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"> = The number of people who died as a result of accidents in
the city of Liverpool as a result of the Night of the Big Wind<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(6<sup>th</sup> January 1839).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 31.5pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">307</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> = Number of lives
lost in the UK in the North Sea Floods of 1953. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #202124; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">150.3</span></b><span style="color: #202124; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Number of knots of the strongest ever gust of
wind recorded in the UK (20<sup>th</sup> March 1986, Cairngorn Summit ).</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 106%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;">4. <b>38.5</b> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The highest number of degrees celsius ever
recorded in Britain (</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14pt;">August
10, 2003, Brogdale, Faversham, Kent)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">5. </span><b><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">7,452
million</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= The
number of cubic metres of water in Loch Ness which is equivalent to the amount
of rain that fell across Britain on Saturday 3rd October 2020, the wettest
October day on record. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Resources sidebar (200 words) <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The Atmosphere Gallery</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/see-and-do/atmosphere</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">London Science Museum, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2DD.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;">Through
exhibits as diverse as a real Antarctic ice core, tree rings and scientific
instruments, the gallery explains ‘how climate works, what it’s doing now and
what it might do next.’ <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 18pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;">Climate
Talks<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="http://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/whatson/climate-talks"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/whatson/climate-talks</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Online talks, panel discussions, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Q </span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 14pt;">&As and events (organised by the Science
Museum Group in 2021) connecting you with leaders, experts, activists and
campaigners as they discuss how to tackle the problems of communities in the
face of climate change.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 18pt 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Royal Meteorological Society</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Royal Meteorological Society, 104 Oxford Road,
Reading, RG1 7LL</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="http://www.rmets.org/"><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">www.rmets.org</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Founded in 1850, the Society promotes the importance
of the weather and climate to interest groups and individuals of all kinds.</span></p><p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;">Patrick
Nobbs, </span><i style="font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;">The Story of the British and Their Weather: From Frost Fairs to
Indian Summers,</i><span style="font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> Amberley Publishing, 2016.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #0f1111; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">The story
of the British people and their weather over many centuries looking in
particular at extreme weather events such as droughts, tidal waves, storms and
volcanoes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Alistair Dawson, <i>So Fair and Foul a Day: A History of Scotland’s
Weather and Climate</i>, Birlinn, 2009.</span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">A detailed account of Scotland’s past weather and climate conditions
from the arrival of its first settlers around 9,000 years ago to the present
day. Asks how our Scottish ancestors adapted to changes in the climate through
the centuries.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Keywords: weather, climate, history, Dr Rob Allan, climate change, meteorological, family history, genealogy, Britain, British, England, English, weather patterns, storm, snow, rain, Scotland, Scottish, parish register, ships' logs, almanacs, diaries, weather stations, temperature, air pressure, who do you think you are, ancestors, ancestry, genealogy, family history research, search my ancestry</span></p>Ruth A Symeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16998386806885990168noreply@blogger.com0Queen's Rd, Hale, Altrincham WA15 9HD, UK53.3834954 -2.338826238.7116072845472 -37.4950762 68.0553835154528 32.8174238tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2363643930133509333.post-90668876100087144542023-08-24T07:55:00.016-07:002023-08-26T08:58:28.172-07:00Off Sick? School Records and Our Ancestors<p> [This article first appeared in <i>Who Do You Think You Are ?</i> Magazine in 2022]</p><p><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 105%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Off Sick ?: School Records and Our
Ancestors<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;"><br /></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;">By Ruth A. Symes<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;"><br /></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;"></span></i></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiAK_C1zovDuBfiiULeywGnQARbmFUBN6GquqvHyYOnrwZkRndoAdWlt9BtCUWvaRLJFP1iVkbA2sBdZPzVUqS2yHBJU_G3vhQwh59P7AJ2-2bdz9vTuKRN6hMmb6q9xzI-6IMD0LY2wPlEMTGE2IsUxBI-Q3jM8bLgwvLhtOrfeVC9euRCwULzky4ERLj5" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="477" data-original-width="640" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiAK_C1zovDuBfiiULeywGnQARbmFUBN6GquqvHyYOnrwZkRndoAdWlt9BtCUWvaRLJFP1iVkbA2sBdZPzVUqS2yHBJU_G3vhQwh59P7AJ2-2bdz9vTuKRN6hMmb6q9xzI-6IMD0LY2wPlEMTGE2IsUxBI-Q3jM8bLgwvLhtOrfeVC9euRCwULzky4ERLj5=w452-h338" width="452" /></a></span></i></b></div><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;"> Sick Child in Bed - (Octavi, the artist's son)</span></i></b><div><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;"> Ricard Canals, 1903. Via Wikimedia Commons.<br /><br /></span></i></b><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">Earlier this year, a highly infectious wave of Covid
brought huge numbers of absences of students and staff in schools up and down
the country and with them, lots of anxieties: worries about staffing, concerns
about students’ achievement in forthcoming exams, questions about the role of
parents, and concerns about the physical and mental health of the non-attendees
themselves. Even in better times, school attendance has often been in the news
with parents facing being sent to parenting classes, fined, or even sent to
jail if they don’t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">make sure that their
children are getting an education.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;">For our ancestors similarly, the issue of school
attendance was a hot topic in Parliament and the Press. Forster’s Education Act
of 1870 set the framework to make education compulsory for all children aged 5
to 12.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The tenets of this Act were
better enforced by The Elementary Education (Lord Sandon’s) Act - </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Jan 1<sup>st</sup> 1877 – which stated that it was the responsibility<b>
</b>of every parent to see that children received sufficient elementary
education in the 3-Rs (Reading, ‘Writing, and, ‘Rithmetic). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">From this point, School Attendance Committees were
set up in every area of the country to ensure children were actually turning up
to learn. Moreover, students could not </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;">leave school at age 10
unless they had reached a certain academic standard (thereby gaining a School
Leaving Certificate aka Labour Certificate), and unless they also had also met
certain attendance requirements. Additionally, in 1878, via the Factory and
Workshop Act, the government introduced the so-called ‘Half-Time System’
whereby children aged between 10 and 13 could be excused from school for half
of every day, or for alternate days of the week, if their family needed them to
work. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Further Acts towards the end of the nineteenth century reinforced
government responsibility for children’s school attendance. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;">Key to this new educational ethos was the belief that
the improvement of children depended upon their <b>regular</b> attendance at
school. This meant that over the following decades, increasingly stringent
measures were taken by government and schools themselves to monitor attendance
and describe absence.<b> </b>In time, these measures came to include the use of
School Registers and Logbooks, the introduction of School Inspections by
external officers, parental penalties for non-attendance and School Inspection
Days. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">The Case of Margaret Woodburne<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">In July 1879, a widow named Margaret Woodburne, in her
early forties, from Lindal-in-Cartmel in Lancashire, was hauled in front of the
local School Attendance Officer because she had failed to send her (9-10 year
old) daughter to school for the past three months and had also failed to fill
in the requisite ‘excuse papers’ for the local School Board. Margaret argued
that she needed her daughter to stay at home and look after the baby, whilst
she herself worked. The local newspaper,<i> Soulby’s Ulverston Advertiser and
General Intelligencer,</i> argued that although education had recently been
‘deemed essential to the well-being of the offspring of even the poorest in the
land,’ the prosecution of this particular poor widow was a particularly hard
case to justify. It was no good providing an education for children, the paper
argued, if families were, by that means, ‘unable to put breads in the mouths of
their children’. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">Margaret Woodburne, herself commented that she could
not afford to lose her wages even for the one day that she was required to
appear before the Attendance Committee, she further stated that she did not
understand the papers she had been sent, and that, if her daughter went to
school as the Committee suggested, she herself must stay at home, and her
family would starve.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To underline its
condemnation of the case against Margaret, the paper pointed out a shocking fact.
Three out of every one hundred persons in England and Wales (out of a
population of approximately 25 million) were currently in receipt of Workhouse
Relief: this number might confidently be expected to increase to four or even
five in the hundred<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘by too great
severity and harshness on the part of the School Board Committee (s).’ In other
words, forcing all children to go to school could overwhelm the relief system,
and worse, cause terrible human suffering. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">Furthermore, the paper continued with some gusto, if
older children were compelled to go to school, and parents still had to go out
to work, terrible accidents might befall the babies and toddlers left at home.
In such cases, would not the School Board Committee or Attendance Officer be
responsible for the fatalities? For our ancestors it seems, school attendance
was a matter closely intertwined with both the economic stability and the moral
well-being of the country. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">Finding Your Ancestor’s School<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">Of course, many of our ancestors enjoyed school,
understood its benefits and kept up a regular attendance. Schools rewarded
compliance with the rules with incentives such as medals, certificates and
books with inscribed bookplates. You may already have come across such evidence
of your ancestors’ educational experiences amongst family memorabilia; indeed,
for many of us, these items may be what piqued our interest in family history
in the first place! <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">Bookplates can provide very direct information about
which school your ancestor attended, but sometimes locating the exact
establishment can be more of a challenge. Fortunately, this is an area about
which there is plenty of historical documentation. Most ‘ordinary’ children in
the late Victorian period would have attended the Church or Board school
nearest to their homes and a local librarian should be able to name the
school(s) that your ancestor potentially attended. Commercial trade directories
for the area (available in local libraries and on the commercial genealogical
sites) should also list local schools.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">Some school records, including the Registers and
Logbooks concerned with attendance, have been scanned and made available online
for a fee by the commercial genealogical sites (see Sources below for more
details). Records of many more schools might today be found in County and Local
Record Offices. You can search for the location of these at </span><a href="http://www.discover.nationalarchives.gov.uk/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">www.discover.nationalarchives.gov.uk</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">
before making an appointment to view on site.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The records for ancestors who attended still-existing grammar and public
schools might be found in the schools themselves. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">Excuses and Penalties<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">Many people objected to the directive to attend school
every weekday believing that such nationally imposed measures did not recognise
the specific circumstances of their particular area. Spokesmen of farming
localities complained that local children should not be forced into schools in
the harvesting times of July and September when fruit and hops needed to be
gathered; representatives of poor urban localities argued the need for older
children to bring in a wage or help with childminding duties whilst parents
worked. And, a large and diverse number of other reasons were recorded by
teachers and Inspectors for children’s non-attendance at school. Some of these
were immediately plausible: sickness, bereavement, or inclement weather, for
example, but other excuses were more unusual and sometimes more spurious:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘recovering from vaccination,’ attending
local ‘festivities,’ or<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘curling hair
for confirmation!’ for example.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">In the early days of ‘universal education,’ rules for
attendance were not strictly enforced. Moreover, penalties for non-attendance
were neither uniform nor consistently applied across the country; rather they
depended upon local bye-laws put together by the newly-created and local School
Attendance Committees. There were many loopholes in the system with some
exemptions from schooling allowed because of long-term illness, juvenile
employment and the long distances in some places from some homes to schools. In
short, towards the end of the nineteenth century, there were plenty of reasons
why your ancestor might not have attended school every day. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">Those who did skip school and incurred the penalties
might well have found their way into local newspapers. Accounts of such cases
(which can be searched for a fee by keyword at the British Newspaper Archive
online www.britishnewspaperonline.org) make fascinating reading, focusing as
they do on the half-baked excuses given by parents for their children’s no-show
at school.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1882, for instance, on
being hauled before a School Attendance Board, Londoner Martin Connelly stated
that his son had been absent from school because he had been ‘bitten by a dog,
and was getting spiteful as the weather was becoming warm.’ The boy’s sister
argued in her father’s defence that, ‘her mother thought that the boy was
getting dangerous and might turn on the other children, if he went to school,
and bite them.’ Mr Connelly’s excuses held no water with the Inspectors and he
was required to pay the full five shilling penalty<i>. St James Gazette,</i> 03
August, 1882.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">Despite the actions of School Inspectors and
Attendance Boards, the system of school attendance remained far from watertight
for decades. One Inspector, H. M. Seymour Tremenheere, wrote in 1884, of the
situation in the District of Kendal, that 1,000 eligible local students were
entirely missing from the school registers and another 1,600 were not <i>regular
</i>attenders. He advocated more accountability on the part of School
Inspectors and harsher penalties for parents. The local practice of giving
parents a month’s warning before fining them, for example, meant that they had
to face nothing worse than six warnings a year (interspersed perhaps with
bursts of short-term attendance by their children) if they were really set on
keeping their children away from school. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">Genuine incapacity,’ throwing a sickie’ or just plain
‘bunking off,’ all played their part in absenteeism at schools in the past, but
sometimes school attendance was beyond the control of individual families.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During the First World War (1914-1918),
farmers and parents could apply for Certificates of Exemption for children to
allow them to miss school and pick fruit and vegetables - gathering berries for
jam-making for the soldiers on the Western Front was particularly popular.
During the 1918-1919 influenza epidemic, many schools up and down the country
were closed entirely although there was no national imperative to do so.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">In the Second World War (1939-1945), schooling was
first interrupted by mass evacuation in September 1939. This meant that, by the
end of that year, 1 million children had had no schooling for four months.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Later many classes were brought to a
premature end by air-raids. In other cases, school buildings were requisitioned
for the War Effort. Viewed against this background, the interruptions to
childrens’ schooling in our twenty-first century due to Covid - mitigated in
part by online teaching -<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perhaps appear
less dramatic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Whilst we worried whether
our children would ever catch up on the work they had missed, our ancestors
could not be confident that the education of their children would continue at
all. Perhaps we should think ourselves lucky! <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">Boxout: Attendance Medals<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">School Boards across the country often rewarded good
attendance with tangible tokens: medals, books and (during some periods such as
during the second half of the first World War, where metal was harder to come
by) paper certificates. From 1887-1920, The London School Board used a system of
awards known consecutively as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘The
Victoria Medal,’ ‘The King Edward VII Medal’ and then ‘The King’s Medal’
according to the reigning monarch. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">The London Metropolitan Archive (</span><a href="http://www.search.lma.gov.uk/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">www.search.lma.gov.uk</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">)
explains how different coloured ribbons were used at different times. The rules
were strict, allowing only for a couple of absences that had been clearly
flagged up by parents in advance. As well as punctuality at the twice-daily
registrations (9am and 2pm), the children had to have exhibited ‘cleanliness,
tidiness and good conduct.’ <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">Other schools, especially independent ones such as
Manchester Grammar School, struck their own distinctive medals. You can sometimes
see what they looked like by searching online, where they often come up for
sale.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">Exceptional examples of medal acquisition might be
mentioned in local or even national newspapers. On 4<sup>th</sup> July 1894,
the <i>Dundee Evening Telegraph</i> reported the remarkable case of schoolboy
George Eves, who at the age of 14 ‘has not missed a day of attendance since he
was three years old.’ He had received a plethora of different medals in
recognition of his achievement. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">Timeline - 10 Events in the History of
School Attendance</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">1870 Elementary Education Act
(Forster’s Education Act</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;"> ) sets the framework to make it
compulsory for children to attend school between the ages of 5 and 12, or until
they attain the ‘educational standard’ – a basic level of education. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>1876<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lord Sandon’s Education Act<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>places the responsibility firmly on<b> </b>parents
to ensure that their children attend elementary school. All School Boards are
now required by central government to set up School Attendance Committees. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1878 Factory and Workshop Act </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">states that <span style="color: #333333;">Children under 10 are no longer allowed to work in
factories. Those between 10 and 13, who are employed, are required to attend
school half-time (i.e. half of each day or every other day.) </span><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">4. <b>1880 Mundella’s Act</b> makes schooling
compulsory for those aged 5 to 10 in England and Wales. Most exemptions are
revoked and School Attendance Officers are now forced to take action if
children do not attend school. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">5. <b>Elementary Education Act 1891</b> abolishes fees
for elementary schools making them free for the first time. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">6. <b>1893 and 1899<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The Elementary Education (School Attendance) Acts </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>increase the school leaving age first<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to 11 and then to 12. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">7<b>. 1902 Balfour’s Education Act</b> puts elementary
education under the control of local education authorities (LEAs). All School
Attendance Committees are abolished. School attendance now lies within the
jurisdiction of County Councils.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">7. <b>1918</b> <b>Fisher Education Act</b> raises
school leaving age from 12 to 14<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>following the First World War. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">8. <b>1944</b> <b>Butler’s Education Act (Act for
Scotland 1945)</b> establishes a Ministry of Education, and the tripartite
system of elementary, secondary and further education is formalised. The
compulsory school leaving age is raised to 15<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">Schooling in Numbers<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">2.2 million</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">
– number of children of elementary school age not receiving any schooling
according to the 1861 Census.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">10 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">– Number of shillings
needed to fund an individual child for one year when central government rather
than parents first become responsible for Elementary Education in 1891.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">82</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;"> Percentage of children
regularly attending elementary school in the early 1890s.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">300,000</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;"> – Number of
children working in employment outside school hours in 1901.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">328</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;"> – Number of Local
Education Authorities (LEAs) established by the Balfour Act, 1902.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">325</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;"> – Number of pounds per
annum earned by a School Inspector (Mr J. H. Morris) in Sheffield in 1903.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">5,384,152 -</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Number of children in average attendance in
elementary schools in England and Wales in 1910.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">8.4</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;"> - Percentage of children
absent from school in Aberdeen, June 1917.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">673,000</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;"> Number of
children evacuated from British cities in the first three days of September
1939.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">27,700 -</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;"> Number of state
primary schools in Britain in 1951.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">Sources<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">Books and Family Papers <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">Look out for bookplates in books given as prizes,
certificates of attendance, medals, newspaper clippings, school reports, exam
certificates and the like. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 105%;">School Registers and Logbooks Online<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;">You can search some school registers and logbooks by
name at Find my Past (fees apply to view), www.findmypast.org.uk. These include
records from church, board, elementary and some secondary schools.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;">Ancestry (</span><a href="http://www.ancestry.co.uk/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;">www.ancestry.co.uk</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;">)
and The Genealogist (www.thegenealogist.co.uk) also have many school registers
and rolls. Again fees apply to view.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;">Miscellaneous Attendance Records<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;">You can search for records relating to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>individual schools at
www.discover.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Relevant documents include:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>School Registers, School Logbooks, School
Absence Inquiry sheets, Absence Notes, Absence Reports, Staff Absence Books,
Staff Absence Registers, Reasons for Absence Books, Masters’ Absence Register,
Certificates of Absence for Epidemic Illness, Medical Certificates, and School
Inspection Reports. View the material onsite in County Record Offices by
appointment. [CUT AS NECESSARY]<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;">Parliamentary
Papers</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;">You can search the Parliamentary debates on school
attendance at </span><a href="https://archives.parliament.uk/online-resources/parliamentary-debates-hansard/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;">https://archives.parliament.uk/online-resources/parliamentary-debates-hansard/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;">Precis of actual School Inspections Reports from 1840
to 1899 – can be viewed in <b>(Proquest)</b> <b>Parliamentary Papers</b> onsite
at some subscribing institutions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;">Newspapers <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;">www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;">
Search millions of pages of British newspapers to understand how people in
particular localities reacted to the legislation on school attendance, and for
accounts of cases where penalties were issued to named parents for the
non-attendance of their children.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;">Records of Public Schools and
Colleges <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;">Public schools such as Bedford
School, Rugby, and Winchester College kept their own records of attendance and
many of these remain in school archives and libraries. Refer to the website of
the school in question for more information.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;">Oral histories <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;">At the British Sound
Archive (</span><a href="http://www.sounds.bl.uk/"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;">www.sounds.bl.uk</span></b></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;">) </span></b></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">you can search by keyword and find</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;">interviews with people
speaking about their experiences at school over 100 years ago.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;">Autobiographies<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;">See, in particular, accounts of
schooling in a host of working-class autobiographies at <b>Writing Lives:
Archive of Working Class Writing Online</b>, www.writinglives.org.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="background: white; border-bottom: solid #A2A9B1 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Resources<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Books</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<div style="background: white; border-bottom: solid #A2A9B1 1.0pt; border: none; margin-left: 18pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm;">
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 3pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Robert Elverstone, <i>Absent Through Want
of Boots: Diary of a Victorian School </i>(The History Press, 2014)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Based on the headmasters’ first-hand
accounts in the school log books of Albert Road Board School in Leicestershire
(opened 1878).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 3pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">A Susan Williams, Patrick Ivin and
Cartoline Morse, <i>The Children of London: Attendance and Welfare at School
1870-1990</i>, Institute of Education, (2001) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Charts the development of the School
Attendance Service and Care Committees.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div style="background: white; border-bottom: solid #A2A9B1 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Websites</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<div style="background: white; border-bottom: solid #A2A9B1 1.0pt; border: none; margin-left: 18pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 3pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="http://www.writinglives.org/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">www.writinglives.org</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">
<b>Writing Lives: Archive of Working Class Writing Online</b> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 3pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Fully searchable digital archive of
British working-class writing since 1700 including many accounts of schooling. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 3pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="http://www.sounds.bl.uk/"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">www.sounds.bl.uk</span></b></a></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> British Library Sounds Archive </span><o:p></o:p></b></p>
</div>
<div style="background: white; border-bottom: solid #A2A9B1 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Recorded oral histories of experiences at
school.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Societies and Museums</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<div style="background: white; border-bottom: solid #A2A9B1 1.0pt; border: none; margin-left: 18pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 3pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">History of
Education Society</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<div style="background: white; border-bottom: solid #A2A9B1 1.0pt; border: none; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Promoting
study and teaching of the History of Education in the UK</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dr Susannah Wright, <em><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Secretary of the History of Education Society (UK), </span></em><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">School of Education, Oxford Brookes
University, <span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Harcourt Hill Campus, </span>Oxford, <span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">OX2 9AT </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="background: white; border-bottom: solid #A2A9B1 1.0pt; border: none; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 13pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 13.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 13.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">e: </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="mailto:susannahwright138@gmail.com"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #07b479; font-size: 13pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">susannahwright138@gmail.com</span></a></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 13.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">w: <a href="http://www.historyofeducation.org.uk/"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">www.historyofeducation.org.uk</span></b></a></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 13.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 13.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">National
Museum of Education</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<div style="background: white; border-bottom: solid #A2A9B1 1.0pt; border: none; margin-left: 18pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 3pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #A2A9B1 .75pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="color: blue;">www.</span></u><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> </span><u><span style="color: blue;">nationaleducationmuseum.uk </span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Ongoing
project to set up a National Museum of Education for the UK based in Portsmouth</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language: FR;">London Metropolitan Archive<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">View
school attendance medals deposited in the archive by appointment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">a: 40 Northampton Road, London, England
ECIR DHB<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">t: 02073323820<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">w :
</span><a href="http://www.search.lma.gov.uk/"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">www.search.lma.gov.uk</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><br /></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">Keywords: Family history, genealogy, history, illness, medicine, schools, education, school log books, Britain, British, England, English, UK, school attendance, school attendance medals, penalties, Education Acts, children, Covid, infectious diseases, ancestors, ancestry, who do you think you are, search my ancestry, school records, registers, newspapers</p></div>Ruth A Symeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16998386806885990168noreply@blogger.com0Queen's Rd, Hale, Altrincham WA15 9HD, UK53.3834954 -2.338826227.541797255820793 -37.4950762 79.2251935441792 32.8174238tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2363643930133509333.post-59331626816970899842023-03-21T05:57:00.009-07:002023-03-21T06:05:38.108-07:00Family First: Tracing Relationships in the Past by Ruth A Symes<p><span style="font-size: x-large;">Positive Reviews Of My Book - <b> </b></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Family First: Tracing Relationships in the Past</b></span></p><h3 class="a-spacing-medium" data-hook="arp-local-reviews-header" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0f1111; font-family: "Amazon Ember", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 16px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px 0px 4px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><br /></h3><div><a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Family-First-Tracing-Relationships-Past/dp/1473833884/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1JG4OUZ1QT4E7&keywords=family+first+ruth+symes&qid=1679403173&sprefix=family+first+ruth+symes%2Caps%2C73&sr=8-1">Family First: Amazon.co.uk: Symes, Ruth Alexandra: 9781473833883: Books</a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDMuaBEt3bT_YCzFIZ8Qbo89LFeMKatQacZSWV6qCTPJY4llms9mS43HBIkpRxH6eAlYlAdfIblM7hgye34ZT_5V8B61-3AaatOfJYa4fUmDGb5nvmi5h8YqZOyyw8TOdsl97VbwjK0ouCJDNAcDaxsMCuHkxfVqKJgymYnAJo5FCcebumurGGnV_djQ/s499/Family%20First%20Front%20Cover.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; 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box-sizing: border-box; color: #0f1111; font-family: "Amazon Ember", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 22px; max-width: 80em; position: relative;"><div class="a-row a-spacing-none" id="R3J6OTO4SNSAGD-review-card" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; width: 981.487px;"><div class="a-section celwidget" data-cel-widget="customer_review-R3J6OTO4SNSAGD" data-csa-c-id="3usjzs-lxh8b0-jd2rch-91d1gt" id="customer_review-R3J6OTO4SNSAGD" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px;"><div class="a-row a-spacing-mini" data-hook="genome-widget" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; width: 981.487px;"><a class="a-profile" data-a-size="small" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/profile/amzn1.account.AH6NZERSMCOOGWWGM73JRK3AZG7Q/ref=cm_cr_getr_d_gw_btm?ie=UTF8" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #007185; display: table; text-decoration-line: none;"><div aria-hidden="true" class="a-profile-avatar-wrapper" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table-cell; padding-right: 9px; width: 43px;"><div class="a-profile-avatar" style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 34px; position: relative; width: 34px;"><img data-src="https://images-eu.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/S/amazon-avatars-global/default._CR0,0,1024,1024_SX48_.png" src="https://images-eu.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/S/amazon-avatars-global/default._CR0,0,1024,1024_SX48_.png" style="border-radius: 34px; border: 2px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: top; width: 34px;" /></div></div><div class="a-profile-content" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: table-cell; min-height: 34px; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="a-profile-name" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0f1111; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; position: relative; unicode-bidi: isolate;">Kate</span></div></a></div><div class="a-row" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 981.487px;"><a class="a-link-normal" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/customer-reviews/R3J6OTO4SNSAGD/ref=cm_cr_getr_d_rvw_ttl?ie=UTF8&ASIN=1473833884" style="box-sizing: border-box; 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color: #0f1111; font-weight: 700; line-height: 20px; text-decoration-line: none;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Very helpful</span></a></div><span class="a-size-base a-color-secondary review-date" color="rgb(86, 89, 89) !important" data-hook="review-date" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20px;">Reviewed in the United Kingdom 🇬🇧 on 23 March 2022</span><div class="a-row a-spacing-mini review-data review-format-strip" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; width: 981.487px;"><a class="a-link-normal" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/help/customer/display.html/ref=cm_cr_dp_d_rvw_avp?nodeId=G75XTB7MBMBTXP6W" rel="noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #007185; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span class="a-size-mini a-color-state a-text-bold" color="rgb(196, 85, 0) !important" data-hook="avp-badge" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 16px;">Verified Purchase</span></a></div><div class="a-row a-spacing-small review-data" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 8px; width: 981.487px;"><span class="a-size-base review-text review-text-content" data-hook="review-body" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20px;">Really interesting book that gave me lots to think about and has helped me interpret my old family photos.</span></div><div class="a-row review-comments comments-for-R3J6OTO4SNSAGD" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 981.487px;"><div class="a-row a-expander-container a-expander-inline-container cr-vote-action-bar" data-a-expander-name="review_comment_expander" data-reftag="cm_cr_getr_d_cmt_opn" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 981.487px;"><span class="cr-vote" data-hook="review-voting-widget" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="cr-helpful-icon-button cr-vote-component" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-declarative" data-action="reviews:vote-action" data-csa-c-func-deps="aui-da-reviews:vote-action" data-csa-c-id="8rdcss-ulr9nm-ee9em-qxqtr1" data-csa-c-type="widget" data-reviews:vote-action="{"ajaxUrl":"/hz/reviews-render/ajax/helpful-vote/submit/ref=cm_cr_getr_d_vote_lft?ie=UTF8","cssSelectors":{"voteCountComponent":".cr-helpful-icon-count","loadingVoteComponent":".cr-vote-loading-component","onError":".cr-vote-error","removeVoteComponent":".cr-remove-vote-component","submitVoteComponent":".cr-submit-vote-component","inFlight":".cr-vote-feedback","hideVoteComponents":".cr-vote-component","onSuccess":".cr-vote-success"},"csrfT":"hFV/Cgygt00y5w9oiTXz1vshL2UCV8ob8WLmnN1TCcBXAAAAAGQZqPQAAAAB","isReviewLocal":true,"reviewId":"R3J6OTO4SNSAGD","allowLinkDefault":"1"}" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="cr-helpful-button aok-float-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; 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color: #007185; text-decoration-line: none;" title="5.0 out of 5 stars"><i class="a-icon a-icon-star a-star-5 review-rating" data-hook="review-star-rating" style="background-image: url("https://m.media-amazon.com/images/S/sash/ouR9NRElwmzAIev.png"); background-position: -2px -2px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 512px 512px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 18px; position: relative; vertical-align: text-top; width: 80px;"><span class="a-icon-alt" style="box-sizing: border-box; clip-path: circle(0px at 50% 50%); display: block; font-size: inherit; height: 18px; left: auto; line-height: normal; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: auto; width: 80px;">5.0 out of 5 stars</span></i></a><span class="a-letter-space" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 0.385em;"></span><a class="a-size-base a-link-normal review-title a-color-base review-title-content a-text-bold" data-hook="review-title" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/customer-reviews/R128S9SP1DUV0Y/ref=cm_cr_getr_d_rvw_ttl?ie=UTF8&ASIN=1473833884" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0f1111; font-weight: 700; line-height: 20px; text-decoration-line: none;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Fascinating</span></a></div><span class="a-size-base a-color-secondary review-date" color="rgb(86, 89, 89) !important" data-hook="review-date" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20px;">Reviewed in the United Kingdom 🇬🇧 on 15 August 2017</span><div class="a-row a-spacing-mini review-data review-format-strip" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; width: 981.487px;"><a class="a-link-normal" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/help/customer/display.html/ref=cm_cr_dp_d_rvw_avp?nodeId=G75XTB7MBMBTXP6W" rel="noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #007185; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span class="a-size-mini a-color-state a-text-bold" color="rgb(196, 85, 0) !important" data-hook="avp-badge" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 16px;">Verified Purchase</span></a></div><div class="a-row a-spacing-small review-data" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 8px; width: 981.487px;"><span class="a-size-base review-text review-text-content" data-hook="review-body" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20px;">I am halfway through reading this book and cannot put it down. My Kindle actally ran out of battery... I was reading at a music festival, now that's saying something! Please see the editorial review for a thorough description of the book's content. I am enthralled by the amount of detail and interpretation of family history. Particularity the life of a Victorian woman. I am sure I will be reading more by Ruth A Symes and will probably re-read this book. Five stars.</span></div><div class="a-row review-comments comments-for-R128S9SP1DUV0Y" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 981.487px;"><div class="a-row a-expander-container a-expander-inline-container cr-vote-action-bar" data-a-expander-name="review_comment_expander" data-reftag="cm_cr_getr_d_cmt_opn" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 981.487px;"><span class="cr-vote" data-hook="review-voting-widget" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="a-row a-spacing-small" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 8px; width: 981.487px;"><span class="a-size-base a-color-tertiary cr-vote-text" color="rgb(86, 89, 89) !important" data-hook="helpful-vote-statement" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20px;">2 people found this helpful</span></div><div class="cr-helpful-icon-button cr-vote-component" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-declarative" data-action="reviews:vote-action" data-csa-c-func-deps="aui-da-reviews:vote-action" data-csa-c-id="963eq0-y9n2tb-n1pib0-1q6hjx" data-csa-c-type="widget" data-reviews:vote-action="{"ajaxUrl":"/hz/reviews-render/ajax/helpful-vote/submit/ref=cm_cr_getr_d_vote_lft?ie=UTF8","cssSelectors":{"voteCountComponent":".cr-helpful-icon-count","loadingVoteComponent":".cr-vote-loading-component","onError":".cr-vote-error","removeVoteComponent":".cr-remove-vote-component","submitVoteComponent":".cr-submit-vote-component","inFlight":".cr-vote-feedback","hideVoteComponents":".cr-vote-component","onSuccess":".cr-vote-success"},"csrfT":"hOVcUhFCJJvlw9XaxFsTLqXLzoDX7E7cQftDT+wP0JKyAAAAAGQZqPQAAAAB","isReviewLocal":true,"reviewId":"R128S9SP1DUV0Y","allowLinkDefault":"1"}" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="cr-helpful-button aok-float-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; 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color: #007185; text-decoration-line: none;" title="5.0 out of 5 stars"><i class="a-icon a-icon-star a-star-5 review-rating" data-hook="review-star-rating" style="background-image: url("https://m.media-amazon.com/images/S/sash/ouR9NRElwmzAIev.png"); background-position: -2px -2px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 512px 512px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 18px; position: relative; vertical-align: text-top; width: 80px;"><span class="a-icon-alt" style="box-sizing: border-box; clip-path: circle(0px at 50% 50%); display: block; font-size: inherit; height: 18px; left: auto; line-height: normal; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: auto; width: 80px;">5.0 out of 5 stars</span></i></a><span class="a-letter-space" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 0.385em;"></span><a class="a-size-base a-link-normal review-title a-color-base review-title-content a-text-bold" data-hook="review-title" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/customer-reviews/R268L20YXT8HVK/ref=cm_cr_getr_d_rvw_ttl?ie=UTF8&ASIN=1473833884" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0f1111; font-weight: 700; line-height: 20px; text-decoration-line: none;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Highly recommended.</span></a></div><span class="a-size-base a-color-secondary review-date" color="rgb(86, 89, 89) !important" data-hook="review-date" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20px;">Reviewed in the United Kingdom 🇬🇧 on 19 March 2017</span><div class="a-row a-spacing-mini review-data review-format-strip" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 4px; width: 981.487px;"></div><div class="a-row a-spacing-small review-data" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 8px; width: 981.487px;"><span class="a-size-base review-text review-text-content" data-hook="review-body" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20px;">This is an excellent book. A good, interesting read and a valuable resource for researching, contextualising and interpreting family history. The structure works well with each chapter focusing on a different familial group; 'husbands and fathers', 'infants',...Each is illustrated with a treasure trove of examples, photographs and practical tips.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />One overarching theme is the changing roles and rights of women through the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It provides a remarkable and often shocking story.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Highly recommended.</span></div><div class="a-row review-comments comments-for-R268L20YXT8HVK" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 981.487px;"><div class="a-row a-expander-container a-expander-inline-container cr-vote-action-bar" data-a-expander-name="review_comment_expander" data-reftag="cm_cr_getr_d_cmt_opn" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 981.487px;"><span class="cr-vote" data-hook="review-voting-widget" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="a-row a-spacing-small" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 8px; width: 981.487px;"><span class="a-size-base a-color-tertiary cr-vote-text" color="rgb(86, 89, 89) !important" data-hook="helpful-vote-statement" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20px;">4 people found this helpful</span></div><div class="a-row a-spacing-small" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 8px; width: 981.487px;"><span class="a-size-base a-color-tertiary cr-vote-text" color="rgb(86, 89, 89) !important" data-hook="helpful-vote-statement" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div class="a-row a-spacing-small" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 8px; width: 981.487px;"><span class="a-size-base a-color-tertiary cr-vote-text" color="rgb(86, 89, 89) !important" data-hook="helpful-vote-statement" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div class="a-row a-spacing-small" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 8px; width: 981.487px;"><span class="a-size-base a-color-tertiary cr-vote-text" color="rgb(86, 89, 89) !important" data-hook="helpful-vote-statement" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 20px;">#familyhistory #genealogy #Britishfamilyhistory #fathers #mothers #familyhistoryresearch #women'shistory</span></div></span></div></div></div></div></div>Ruth A Symeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16998386806885990168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2363643930133509333.post-61548684763865157342023-02-28T12:31:00.003-08:002023-02-28T12:36:45.178-08:00A History of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts by Julie Cook<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">I recently reviewed this great history of the Girl Guides for <i>Who Do You Think You Are?</i> Magazine !</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTNqQGprO99oFjBId5UgOAbBVVp6u4ewxX-dfkm6OmzBOHuoLhnNCXEbBxW71b5SZnxYwrztCbTReRK0j8en0gVZXh4dNJQiynaGSnzbGWw8gvmXBnyi3FOYP9NFkCpXxFRfNtq7HeMVFSSMGUJ-MC0r1ltQiHzmoHvFBrzistBCGTnf9rN7HPtFCMUA/s499/A%20History%20of%20Girl%20Guides%20and%20Girl%20Scouts%20-%20image.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="327" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTNqQGprO99oFjBId5UgOAbBVVp6u4ewxX-dfkm6OmzBOHuoLhnNCXEbBxW71b5SZnxYwrztCbTReRK0j8en0gVZXh4dNJQiynaGSnzbGWw8gvmXBnyi3FOYP9NFkCpXxFRfNtq7HeMVFSSMGUJ-MC0r1ltQiHzmoHvFBrzistBCGTnf9rN7HPtFCMUA/s320/A%20History%20of%20Girl%20Guides%20and%20Girl%20Scouts%20-%20image.jpg" width="210" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">#girlguides #brownies # girls # history #women # womenshistory #Britain #Britishhistory #twentiethcentury #rainbows</div><br /> <p></p>Ruth A Symeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16998386806885990168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2363643930133509333.post-14731174471608360842023-02-28T12:25:00.004-08:002023-02-28T12:38:05.459-08:00Women in World War Two by Collette Drifte<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Have just reviewed this wonderful book for <i>Who Do You Think You Are </i>? Magazine</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwiEiVG_Gf67MQ_WNygVaUcFOqVvIBFmAqzl7Z7kdB8KIzPG6EQ7yF7tCUxpMiMTp1o7w99cll2zvF2vIyh934V8gRktoiNg1c732duGwBKFcchRVAdYCo5T0QP9NNjPTlMPO2f5NfX7_quyrI8aMzb6b8j1UdY9o-6m2bDKGEkpDsJlMOI_43sUnozg/s400/Women%20in%20WW2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="278" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwiEiVG_Gf67MQ_WNygVaUcFOqVvIBFmAqzl7Z7kdB8KIzPG6EQ7yF7tCUxpMiMTp1o7w99cll2zvF2vIyh934V8gRktoiNg1c732duGwBKFcchRVAdYCo5T0QP9NNjPTlMPO2f5NfX7_quyrI8aMzb6b8j1UdY9o-6m2bDKGEkpDsJlMOI_43sUnozg/s320/Women%20in%20WW2.jpg" width="222" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">#womenshistory #history #Britain #Britishhistory #WAAFs #landarmy #airforce #worldwartwo #worldwar2 #secondworldwar</div><br /> <p></p>Ruth A Symeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16998386806885990168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2363643930133509333.post-25761485210939303822022-10-13T12:41:00.013-07:002022-10-13T12:59:33.296-07:00Vaccinating Victoria: A Queen's Changing Views on the Jab<p>[This article first appeared in <i>Discover Your Ancestors</i> online periodical June 2022].</p><p><b style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"> VACCINATING VICTORIA</b></p><p><b style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"> by Ruth A Symes</b></p><p><b style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-large; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><b> </b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp0MwHdZfpccUFZQ5oRf-UEFn4--GXMDT8tcgmyea0lejDZDaH_ZehAE8xED1OrD8sWfn3l7RKPNXW6KCSfaw-9IBCi0McKOD8jJ9--bBLl5BNB2gFzRQXPv4MvdzyaPpAFGm6_jLOQb6WubS9Stsa96QWsS5UN9lCdCjFkWahPXjRO2UDLEa8CsE8aA/s903/Queen_Victoria_by_Bassano.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="903" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp0MwHdZfpccUFZQ5oRf-UEFn4--GXMDT8tcgmyea0lejDZDaH_ZehAE8xED1OrD8sWfn3l7RKPNXW6KCSfaw-9IBCi0McKOD8jJ9--bBLl5BNB2gFzRQXPv4MvdzyaPpAFGm6_jLOQb6WubS9Stsa96QWsS5UN9lCdCjFkWahPXjRO2UDLEa8CsE8aA/s320/Queen_Victoria_by_Bassano.jpg" width="227" /></a></span></div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><b> Queen Victoria at the height of her reign in
1882. Photograph by Bassano Details: Wikimedia Commons.</b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">With all the uproar
about jabs and boosters right now, we could be forgiven for thinking that debates
about the pros and cons of being vaccinated are very much a twenty-first
century preoccupation. In fact, vaccination in history has always had its
supporters and its detractors, and our very own Queen Victoria had some
forthright opinions on the matter. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Until the twentieth
century, ‘vaccination’ really meant ‘vaccination against smallpox’, a terrible
disease for which there was no cure. Killing a third of those it infected and
leaving many others with awful disfiguration and even blindness, smallpox was
top of the public health agenda for decades. After Dr Edward Jenner’s discovery
of the smallpox vaccine in 1796<u>,</u> the question of whether our ancestors
were vaccinated largely came down to the affordability and availability of the
vaccine in the area in which they lived. But, as the disease claimed more and
more victims, particularly in the new industrial cities there were growing
calls for vaccination to be made both free and compulsory. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQIm2bav8TKZAMjUglyJG-zwNVpIvQ92k5qzTLVMvVdmXTjpXb_BOGtx3BDvT3BmZ5z2n8KHdOXYcYvfBi31koc6erw4U5R7rAmB4tski2q5q7CvYClVPqBZW26mNMTNo-mSkyt25Cg0y8uRK1ilnK-_9varbJkVvWPgvyM0MzU3vgDeWbb_0Ox168cw/s1508/Dr%20Jenner%20and%20the%20potato%20(1).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1268" data-original-width="1508" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQIm2bav8TKZAMjUglyJG-zwNVpIvQ92k5qzTLVMvVdmXTjpXb_BOGtx3BDvT3BmZ5z2n8KHdOXYcYvfBi31koc6erw4U5R7rAmB4tski2q5q7CvYClVPqBZW26mNMTNo-mSkyt25Cg0y8uRK1ilnK-_9varbJkVvWPgvyM0MzU3vgDeWbb_0Ox168cw/s320/Dr%20Jenner%20and%20the%20potato%20(1).jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span></p><h1 style="margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 13.91px; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Dr Jenner and the Potato</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 13.91px; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">: </span><span style="color: #121212; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 13.91px; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">A potato shaking hands with Edward Jenner, claiming him as a fellow vaccinator. Watercolour by John Leech (1817-1864) Details: Wellcome Collection www.wellcomecollection.org</span></span></h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">By the time, Queen
Victoria came to the throne in 1837, the debate had reached a high pitch. Whether
or not the young Queen would decide to set an example to the country and update
the smallpox vaccination she had had as a baby was a matter of concern to some
of her advisors. Six European monarchs in the not- too-distant past were known
to have died of smallpox, nobody wanted Victoria to be the seventh.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">On Sunday 20th January
1839, the young Queen recorded in her journal that Lord Melbourne, her Prime Minister,
had reminded her between more light-hearted conversations about horses and Shakespeare,
that her people were getting smallpox ‘like wildfire.’ He had gently but
persistently asked her to get vaccinated. At this point in her life, headstrong
Victoria was set against having the jab it on the grounds that she ‘thought it
quite useless.’ But Melbourne persisted, “You think it's childish,” he
continued; “now that's nonsense; I shall see Halford [Sir Henry Halford – her
doctor] tomorrow morning; shall I ask </span><u style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">him</u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">?” I said he might &c.
He was very kind and earnest about it; and I, very obstinate.” Melbourne
emphasised ‘what a scrape [Victoria] would get us all into’ if she actually
contracted smallpox and potentially could not communicate with her Ministers. It
would appear that Victoria did at this point succumb to Melbourne’s advice.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHDioSoSGYoo8Gl8wXKQUcs4pN8tTYXqg-Wd86oSOYQkWJ2WjqQvrvxGV6wrbh8Os0h5gkg_mVFYzmprRQoQWs8XKDCPSApgfIehFBbXW7VvGz3FGDrHW_xm0_2TMkImJzOt7v65HtQaaE_I0n6oGGrFnNqUD2IMYBt-zVXxtdaYBfGXG_aL5n9AYBIg/s822/Lord%20Melbourne.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="822" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHDioSoSGYoo8Gl8wXKQUcs4pN8tTYXqg-Wd86oSOYQkWJ2WjqQvrvxGV6wrbh8Os0h5gkg_mVFYzmprRQoQWs8XKDCPSApgfIehFBbXW7VvGz3FGDrHW_xm0_2TMkImJzOt7v65HtQaaE_I0n6oGGrFnNqUD2IMYBt-zVXxtdaYBfGXG_aL5n9AYBIg/s320/Lord%20Melbourne.jpg" width="249" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><b>William Lamb, Lord Melbourne, British Prime Minister, 1835-1841, painted by John Partridge, 1844. Melbourne urged the young Queen to get vaccinated in January 1839, ‘“You'll have it done,” he said; “If it doesn't take, why then you're safe; and if it does, it can do no harm”. <i>Queen Victoria’s Journal</i>, January 1939. Details: Courtesy of Wikimedia.</b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Soon after this, in
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">1840, Parliament passed the first Vaccination Act, offering free inoculation
to all. It also banned the dangerous practice of ‘variolation’ whereby patients
had sometimes been inoculated with material from smallpox pustules on another
patient (rather than with material derived from the less nasty cowpox). Take up
of the vaccine was encouraging and reduction of infection noticeable, but
because the Act had stopped short of making vaccination mandatory, there were
still many concerning outbreaks of the disease across the country. Stricter
measures were deemed necessary and in 1853, another Act of Parliament made
vaccination compulsory (on penalty of a fine) for infants under three years
old. Vaccination certificates were given out by local registrars when a baby’s
birth was registered. These had to be returned to the registrar having been
signed by a doctor. Further legislation in the late 1860s and early 1870s
created new administrative roles specifically to oversee vaccinations, and
penalties for non-compliance were raised. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0goKA_fTlqRXptGyCDS4oRGlwqriYi5UMZUnmlPs_Ff1fe-P0JFVSW44lpGMTEaO-Q9r13lMbyt_EWFzp0y6-F3NHjJ13aX4dZhe3fIeG_5E-9FxvbodcnGbPdrLZ98snEmhTvLlmU98pBbSacY5etoX6u91RqxSsYd_YHq-qt-3dGBbtXCVyIiXewA/s3500/Doctor%20vaccinating%20young%20patient%201820s%20(1).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3139" data-original-width="3500" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0goKA_fTlqRXptGyCDS4oRGlwqriYi5UMZUnmlPs_Ff1fe-P0JFVSW44lpGMTEaO-Q9r13lMbyt_EWFzp0y6-F3NHjJ13aX4dZhe3fIeG_5E-9FxvbodcnGbPdrLZ98snEmhTvLlmU98pBbSacY5etoX6u91RqxSsYd_YHq-qt-3dGBbtXCVyIiXewA/s320/Doctor%20vaccinating%20young%20patient%201820s%20(1).jpg" width="320" /></a></div><b style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small;"><div><b style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small;"><br /></b></div>Doctor Vaccinating a Young Child</b><a name="_Hlk99104891" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: small;"><b> after L. Boilly, 1827 Details: Wellcome Collection, www.wellcomecollection.org</b></a><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">These new, more stringent, rules about vaccination
caused a backlash. To start with, the chief reasons that ordinary people
objected to vaccination were cosmetic and medical. It was popularly believed
that the vaccine itself could cause disfiguration, blindness and even death. A further
key concern was that the human lymph (which was used as a diluent in the
vaccine) could, in itself, transmit diseases - including hepatitis, syphilis
and even the smallpox it was trying to eradicate – from one person to another. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">An outbreak of smallpox in Scotland in 1871 prompted a
more vigorous vaccination programme and this time Queen Victoria readily obliged
by having her vaccination updated. Unfortunately, she took ill soon after
receiving the dose in the spring of 1871. As might have been predicted, there
was an outcry of sympathy from the growing anti-vaccination movement. A letter
from one ‘Looker on,’ published in <i>Cosmopolitan</i> on 21<sup>st</sup>
September 1871, referred to the Queen having submitted to the ‘filthy operation,’
and having been ‘dreadfully punished for her presumption.’ The enraged writer
even went so far as to say the Queen had been ‘poisoned by vaccination.’ <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">In her middle years, Victoria maintained an interest
in the problem of smallpox and was particularly concerned about how the public
were to be convinced that vaccination was a good thing. On Sunday 5<sup>th</sup>
March 1871, she spoke to William Forster (the Whig statesman who had recently
campaigned so successfully for universal elementary education) and described how
he had spoken ‘of the smallpox being so fearful and the people in many cases so
unreasonable about vaccination.’ To Victoria’s consternation, Forster also advised
that it was difficult ‘to find Hospitals for [all the smallpox] cases.’<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Now, Victoria began to take her responsibilities as
role model more seriously; the Royal Family continued to be regularly jabbed and
allowed that fact to be reported in the press. On 10th January 1877, for
instance, the <i>Birmingham Mail</i> reported that, ‘Yesterday afternoon, at
the Request of her Majesty, a number of members of the Royal Household were
vaccinated at Windsor Castle by Doctor Fairbank, the Queen’s surgeon.’ These
vaccinations went ahead despite the fact that the Queen was aware that they
could have unpleasant side effects. In her journal for Tuesday 1<sup>st</sup>
May 1883, she wrote that, ‘</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">the little wee </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Baby</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> (probably her granddaughter Princess Alice,
daughter of her son Prince Leopold, born February 25<sup>th</sup> 1883) is
always brought in at breakfast & luncheon time. Poor little thing, it has a
most terrible leg from </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">vaccination.’ </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><h1 style="margin-top: 0cm;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></b></h1><h1 style="margin-top: 0cm;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFe07yo0JMeDbkMAvmSQH5zskgoLf7XiVUm6I52TUe_wQXngP41LHyhMgE1y-YoPhX8DxS3vb7NMADUAMH5pM__VNb88QCPqoropJ29VHH3kCoYwSkp82akgKwibYP1p13X25VYZZcVxyIU9M8WBXnnUiehLZxb21a-EbJUfWUGk6F4twTv7E9vuRsRQ/s4256/Vaccination%20points.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4256" data-original-width="2832" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFe07yo0JMeDbkMAvmSQH5zskgoLf7XiVUm6I52TUe_wQXngP41LHyhMgE1y-YoPhX8DxS3vb7NMADUAMH5pM__VNb88QCPqoropJ29VHH3kCoYwSkp82akgKwibYP1p13X25VYZZcVxyIU9M8WBXnnUiehLZxb21a-EbJUfWUGk6F4twTv7E9vuRsRQ/s320/Vaccination%20points.jpg" width="213" /></a></div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 19.9733px; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></b></h1><h1 style="margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 19.9733px; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Vaccination Points</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 19.9733px; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">: Packets of Vaccination Points supplied by the Government Lymph Establishment for use at various vaccination stations around London, 1873. Details: Wellcome Collection www.wellcomecollection.org. </span></span></h1><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">But, the example of the Royal Family did not quell
public fears about vaccination. Throughout the 1880s and 1890s, the numbers of
people suffering from smallpox actually fell; the result of a combination of
public health initiatives of which vaccination was only one. Perversely, protests
against being inoculated grew. Now the arguments against were less to do with the
perceived medical dangers of vaccination and more to do with social liberty.
Many people simply did not want to be told by government what to put into the
bodies of their children. On 23</span><sup style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">rd</sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;"> March 1885, there was a large and
unruly anti-vaccination demonstration in Leicester in which between
40,000-200,000 (estimates varied) people marched, including many who had either
been imprisoned or fined for failing to pay fines for having refused to be
vaccinated.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">As a result of such vociferous protests in the
press and in the streets, the government were eventually forced to relax the
laws governing vaccination. In </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">1889 a Royal Commission into Vaccination<a name="_Hlk82714851"> m</a></span><span style="color: #202122; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">ade several
recommendations including the abolition of cumulative penalties for refusal to
vaccinate and the use of safer vaccines. In </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">1896,<b> </b>the Anti-Vaccination League (founded
by William Tebb) set out further to persuade the government to reduce penalties
for refusal to vaccinate. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.6pt; margin: 3.6pt 0cm 0cm; mso-outline-level: 3;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">The last years of Victoria’s life were coloured by
the ups and downs of this nationwide debate on vaccination. Thankfully,
however, she lived to witness a legislative turning point which pacified some
of the critics. The </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">Vaccination Act of 1898 removed<b> c</b>umulative
penalties for refusal to vaccinate. And, crucially, members of the public were
now granted the right to refuse vaccination by applying for a ‘Certificate of Conscientious
Objection’. The new rules allowed a loophole for - and for a time satisfied - those people who
absolutely objected to the idea of vaccination and paved the way for even laxer
laws in the decades after Victoria’s death.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Though by the end of the nineteenth century elderly
and infirm, Victoria’s interest in the subject of vaccination had not waned. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">On
Sunday 7<sup>th</sup> August 1898, she wrote in her journal that the previous
day, she had talked to the Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury ‘over the</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> vexed & difficulty question of </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">vaccination.’ </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">She did not agree
with the so-called "Conscience Clause," - believing that vaccination should remain
compulsory. But, she did conclude that the ‘new bill’ was ‘in many ways good.’ </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">On vaccination, as on so many other matters during
her long and scientifically challenging reign, Victoria had proved herself
openminded, wise and sensitive to the needs and concerns of her subjects. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8ZLegySJd8dOEcQOgJtlmIkaBe9As9zZ7h3uzApAMSYPBz7-Mm54gVcDSMa-EBaxUkvOVOeX5-wL7mDoadjfCRu4M1BQrL1otD9bZP6DulrjMI_hvuVagu4EJ27FTLYqN7q_zKEqNQkAe6cgKb_bXJc-dZTgueDtPRTL0cLf-S1XvShtwytKTCdX1CQ/s852/Henry%20Balfour.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="852" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8ZLegySJd8dOEcQOgJtlmIkaBe9As9zZ7h3uzApAMSYPBz7-Mm54gVcDSMa-EBaxUkvOVOeX5-wL7mDoadjfCRu4M1BQrL1otD9bZP6DulrjMI_hvuVagu4EJ27FTLYqN7q_zKEqNQkAe6cgKb_bXJc-dZTgueDtPRTL0cLf-S1XvShtwytKTCdX1CQ/s320/Henry%20Balfour.jpg" width="240" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 19.9733px; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Henry H. Balfour: </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 19.9733px; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Victoria recalled a conversation with Henry H. Balfour (then First Lord of the Treasury), who commented after the Vaccination Act of 1898 that </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 19.9733px;">‘t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 19.9733px;">he question of vaccination [] had been very badly managed but [] thought it would have the effect of rather increasing vaccination than the reverse, as the declaration [of Conscientious Objection] would be so troublesome & expensive.’ (<i>Queen Victoria’s Journal</i>, Sunday 21<sup>st</sup> August 1898), date unknown, published in <i>Popular Science Monthly</i> Volume 65, 1904. </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 19.9733px; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Details: Wikimedia Commons.</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Further Reading<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p>
</p><ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.4pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Brunton, Deborah. <i>The
Politics of Vaccination: Practice and Policy in England, Wales, Ireland,
and Scotland, 1800–1874</i>: Rochester Studies in Medical History, 2008<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.4pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Gibson, Jeremy & Rogers,
Colin. <i>Poor Law Union Records</i> [England & Wales]: Federation of
Family History Societies, 1997/2000 (Contains lists of surviving
vaccination records and their whereabouts)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.4pt; margin-bottom: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Williamson, Stanley. <i>The
Vaccination Controversy: The Rise, Reign and Fall of Compulsory
Vaccination for Smallpox</i>: Liverpool University Press, 2007<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><a href="http://amzn.to/2egoPae" style="color: #2905ff; font-size: 13.33px; text-decoration-line: none;">UK readers - Click here for more on family history books by Ruth A. Symes</a></span></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "times new roman", times, freeserif, serif; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 21.56px; text-align: left;"></span></div></div></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="padding-top: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"> <u><a href="http://amzn.to/2qz5cxr" style="color: #1111d2; font-size: 13.33px; text-decoration-line: none;">USA readers - Click here for more on family history books by Ruth A Symes</a></u></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;">#history #vaccination #vaccinatingvictoria #inoculation #pandemic #historyofmedicine #royalfamily #Queenvictoria #nineteenthcentury #jabs #antivaccinationleague</span></div></div></div></div></div></div><p><br /></p>Ruth A Symeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16998386806885990168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2363643930133509333.post-10564903048786306062022-10-07T00:21:00.001-07:002022-10-13T12:44:46.023-07:00Take Cod Liver Oil: Tips from Our Ancestors on How to Keep Warm in the Heating Crisis: 10<p style="text-align: left;">Cod liver oil has been a popular food supplement since at least the Viking times and has been supposed to have various health benefits at different times. In the Victorian period, the idea that a daily dose of cod liver oil could help you keep warm throughout the winter was widespread. Today we know that cod liver contains many vitamins and minerals instrumental in maintaining good health. Moreover, it has actually been proven to help circulation, generating warmth in the fingers and toes, and thus the Victorian hypothesis can be assumed to be correct. </p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNN0rZ1xrBNg0i7kTEE6HU_1gFNhTR3vVA2VG76tES0LdG_6kPjv328QeWSK2bGZtetkZ5goNionGEOmDG_6L1c-2NtdfzzwvZNNTJVd8hdeAW0NK5ThbidWNXUbnnU5F3JXKfOlb0E6y12jY-Sso_J_XN4o3hcAHMswWuVHUlj4ElRxwptNVnQh_-iw/s2048/IMG-20221005-WA0005.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1595" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNN0rZ1xrBNg0i7kTEE6HU_1gFNhTR3vVA2VG76tES0LdG_6kPjv328QeWSK2bGZtetkZ5goNionGEOmDG_6L1c-2NtdfzzwvZNNTJVd8hdeAW0NK5ThbidWNXUbnnU5F3JXKfOlb0E6y12jY-Sso_J_XN4o3hcAHMswWuVHUlj4ElRxwptNVnQh_-iw/s320/IMG-20221005-WA0005.jpg" width="249" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Wellcome Archive 1927. Wikimedia Commons.</div><p>Treat yourself to more posts like this by clicking Follow at the top right of this blog</p><p><br /></p><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><a href="http://amzn.to/2egoPae" style="color: #2905ff; font-size: 13.33px; text-decoration-line: none;">UK readers - Click here for more on family history books by Ruth A. Symes</a></span></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "times new roman", times, freeserif, serif; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 21.56px; text-align: left;"></span></div></div></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="padding-top: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"> <u><a href="http://amzn.to/2qz5cxr" style="color: #1111d2; font-size: 13.33px; text-decoration-line: none;">USA readers - Click here for more on family history books by Ruth A Symes</a><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="color: #383838; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 21.56px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span></u><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-size: 13.33px;"><b><i></i></b></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;">#heatingcrisis #heat #winter #history #Britain #England #heatingbills #heatingcosts #utilitybills #ancestors #ancestry #genealogy #familyhistory #keepingwarm #Victoriandiet #codliveroil #codliver #Victorianhealth</span></div><div><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><br /></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p>Ruth A Symeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16998386806885990168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2363643930133509333.post-39126973844196440422022-10-06T06:31:00.000-07:002022-10-06T06:31:46.687-07:00Keep Your Feet Warm: Tips from Our Ancestors on How to Keep Warm in the Heating Crisis: 9<p>Extreme cold could cause many types of illness and newspapers tried to pre-empt some common problems with sensible, practical advice, like this from The Croydon Chronicle, 15th April 1893.</p><p><br /></p><p>"Never go to bed with cold feet. Never try to sleep without being perfectly certain that you will be able to keep them warm. To lie one night with cold feet gives such a strain to the system as will be felt seriously perhaps ending in a fit of sickness. Cold feet shew an unbalanced circulation. The very best thing to do is warm them by exercise, if that be practicable; if not, by dipping them in cold and hot water alternately, two or three times, and then using vigorous fiction. If that does not warm them and keep them warm, heat them before the fire, drying them thoroughly, and then correct your habits or improve your health, for to be sure, one of them is wrong, perhaps both."</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8mDCiGUW-ssDxVgyBt_WE6iDKHZpGywdqeSDJp928WE7O5A_60yXBY5iIjH4LfvNz6HaGOxrvW88M6I0ZmapIQmw6UnZzMXOY_fpNLNF1TEZ1Vk5ehS9l659SUDZ4fxAOouBl5cpQvN9cxa1EmeOhCz_7AQbDZ-Wp3_f7qNVrwfMScQNpldv4pw7QfA/s640/Gangrene_of_foot_from_cold,_Crocker,_1896_Wellcome_L0074322.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="454" data-original-width="640" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8mDCiGUW-ssDxVgyBt_WE6iDKHZpGywdqeSDJp928WE7O5A_60yXBY5iIjH4LfvNz6HaGOxrvW88M6I0ZmapIQmw6UnZzMXOY_fpNLNF1TEZ1Vk5ehS9l659SUDZ4fxAOouBl5cpQvN9cxa1EmeOhCz_7AQbDZ-Wp3_f7qNVrwfMScQNpldv4pw7QfA/s320/Gangrene_of_foot_from_cold,_Crocker,_1896_Wellcome_L0074322.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Gangrenous Foot from Cold (1896) . Wikimedia Commons.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="text-align: left;">Treat yourself to more posts like this by clicking Follow at the top right of this blog</span></div><p><br /></p><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><a href="http://amzn.to/2egoPae" style="color: #2905ff; font-size: 13.33px; text-decoration-line: none;">UK readers - Click here for more on family history books by Ruth A. Symes</a></span></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "times new roman", times, freeserif, serif; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 21.56px; text-align: left;"></span></div></div></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px;"><div style="padding-top: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"> <u><a href="http://amzn.to/2qz5cxr" style="color: #1111d2; font-size: 13.33px; text-decoration-line: none;">USA readers - Click here for more on family history books by Ruth A Symes</a><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="color: #383838; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 21.56px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span></u><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-size: 13.33px;"><b><i></i></b></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;">#heatingcrisis #heat #winter #history #Britain #England #heatingbills #heatingcosts #utilitybills #ancestors #ancestry #coldfeet #weather #gangrene</span></div><div><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><br /></span></div></div></div></div></div></div>Ruth A Symeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16998386806885990168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2363643930133509333.post-79921651669678199552022-10-04T23:34:00.000-07:002022-10-04T23:34:31.005-07:00Don't Underestimate Underwear: Tips from Our Ancestors on How to Keep Warm in the Heating Crisis: 8<p>To the modern eye, Victorian underwear can appear over-fussy and even comical, but in drafty British houses without central heating or double-glazing, there was good reason for ensuring that warm undergarments were donned before other clothing. </p><p><i>Nuneaton Advertiser 30th November 1872</i></p><p>"The real secret of healthy warmth and freedom is warm, light and close under-clothing. In armour of close fitting merinoes or flannels, from neck to ankles and wrists, worsted stockings and cork soles in sound boots, the man or woman may go, like a knight of old, into the thick of the fight, secure that the slugs and arrows of the wind and sleet will never pierce him."</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSS4LyxNqJWzrhGCvkup9A2cKaI1-gwOBwlp55iKQowhcob3aBmTD_Ld9EsUXdaWm-c-MJGBTdRJSbdGyhf9qx-IU2wpj6neDiTOiCzz7KcKPPu2plfrEP2Ui5IiS6cBL42R8mzDF7FI5cVbXbjf32lP11iCod6wA1LNi9pM74bBjgO2qbyLzlem5WwQ/s2000/Drawers,_woman's_(AM_10853-5).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="2000" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSS4LyxNqJWzrhGCvkup9A2cKaI1-gwOBwlp55iKQowhcob3aBmTD_Ld9EsUXdaWm-c-MJGBTdRJSbdGyhf9qx-IU2wpj6neDiTOiCzz7KcKPPu2plfrEP2Ui5IiS6cBL42R8mzDF7FI5cVbXbjf32lP11iCod6wA1LNi9pM74bBjgO2qbyLzlem5WwQ/s320/Drawers,_woman's_(AM_10853-5).jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p>Women's Drawers, date unknown. Wikimedia Commons.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Treat yourself to more posts like this by clicking Follow at the top right of this blog</span></div><p><br /></p><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><a href="http://amzn.to/2egoPae" style="color: #2905ff; font-size: 13.33px; text-decoration-line: none;">UK readers - Click here for more on family history books by Ruth A. Symes</a></span></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "times new roman", times, freeserif, serif; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 21.56px; text-align: left;"></span></div></div></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="padding-top: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"> <u><a href="http://amzn.to/2qz5cxr" style="color: #1111d2; font-size: 13.33px; text-decoration-line: none;">USA readers - Click here for more on family history books by Ruth A Symes</a><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="color: #383838; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 21.56px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span></u><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-size: 13.33px;"><b><i></i></b></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;">#heatingcrisis #heat #winter #history #Britain #England #heatingbills #heatingcosts #utilitybills #ancestors #ancestry #genealogy #familyhistory #keepingwarm #fat #eatfat #Victoriandiet </span></div><div><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><br /></span></div></div></div></div></div>Ruth A Symeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16998386806885990168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2363643930133509333.post-31568294727655469372022-10-04T10:25:00.004-07:002022-10-05T08:27:39.811-07:00Stunning Reproduction Suffragette Memorabilia: Buy Now for Christmas <p>A wide range of stunning Suffragette Memorabilia: brooches, badges, postcards, posters and books. </p><p>Buy now for Christmas from: </p><p> www.naomisymes.com</p><p>or alternatively from www.amazon.co.uk</p><p>Search: Naomi Symes Suffrage</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCEU7BTetiD6-FlP5hr9QqfAOtNM783ISWkybPEFqjWoFFhIq_ibxN90B0X955tqj8BPFlzCvaKkgHmW60vtsaMWCyXP6qlfccXFOWVyE1mD3iXXE_Cx8sVQxYyx725MLXoDfY0qssJPlBFLj-_WS_Qa-V0NqRzit9woqeWxSs7ctgsz9_r-ntXC9wnA/s397/IMG-20221004-WA0010.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="397" data-original-width="270" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCEU7BTetiD6-FlP5hr9QqfAOtNM783ISWkybPEFqjWoFFhIq_ibxN90B0X955tqj8BPFlzCvaKkgHmW60vtsaMWCyXP6qlfccXFOWVyE1mD3iXXE_Cx8sVQxYyx725MLXoDfY0qssJPlBFLj-_WS_Qa-V0NqRzit9woqeWxSs7ctgsz9_r-ntXC9wnA/s320/IMG-20221004-WA0010.jpg" width="218" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNZV4f1oeQ2ubwS-WTSjj-Lz_IAN2IMGbfSzDLggB5QRMRHkKBY_1jX29Jk6tKSs-QR4BvUy4K-_Woj6qAHy3Uo4RPHmduQmD1ACwhj4aPWdTdyEzr4L3myDeaz42QuKp5gA181EUfB8xxSpjV8z4Rqxj-ULPeNFropH8NN0RSsDd3PvF47RgYWkWNKw/s607/IMG-20221004-WA0006.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="607" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNZV4f1oeQ2ubwS-WTSjj-Lz_IAN2IMGbfSzDLggB5QRMRHkKBY_1jX29Jk6tKSs-QR4BvUy4K-_Woj6qAHy3Uo4RPHmduQmD1ACwhj4aPWdTdyEzr4L3myDeaz42QuKp5gA181EUfB8xxSpjV8z4Rqxj-ULPeNFropH8NN0RSsDd3PvF47RgYWkWNKw/s320/IMG-20221004-WA0006.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p>Ruth A Symeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16998386806885990168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2363643930133509333.post-2827917938164484672022-10-04T02:01:00.003-07:002022-10-04T02:02:40.850-07:00Eat Fat: Tips from Our Ancestors for Keeping Warm in the Heating Crisis: 7<p>Commentators were keen to point out that proper warmth was generated within the body rather than by the addition of extra layers of clothing. For those who could afford it, the best way to feel comfortable in winter was to eat well.</p><p>On 7th December 1894 the paper <i>Young Woman </i>advised, </p><p>"We should make a difference in our winter food as compared with our summer food, by taking an adequate amount of fat, starch and sugar amongst the other items of our diet; and, of those things, we must hold that the fat be the most important of all. It is a truism to say that without fat, our nutrition cannot be accomplished.... [You] may take more butter, more milk, and more fat in the shape of butcher's meat, increasing it little by little with perfect safety and with great advantage. ... Generous living then, is the first rule for those who would keep warm in winter, and a necessary part of that generous dietary is fat."</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAfIN9Y5-2A33hB0duCfDmfeATI3lZk1o-EWNXxvtiPOqDhgWj3ZSKfo0xtIxns4nInNWx-ZakZOfUcB4kLgwHKJYxniMbcpDrYK6KrxCZrx-0EY73WxUDAhk6GBbeAI6Nir1HXfGvpXU5/s640/Man+eating+fat.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="555" data-original-width="640" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAfIN9Y5-2A33hB0duCfDmfeATI3lZk1o-EWNXxvtiPOqDhgWj3ZSKfo0xtIxns4nInNWx-ZakZOfUcB4kLgwHKJYxniMbcpDrYK6KrxCZrx-0EY73WxUDAhk6GBbeAI6Nir1HXfGvpXU5/s320/Man+eating+fat.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h3 class="sdms-quick-view__title" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Applied_physiology_-_including_the_effects_of_alcohol_and_narcotics_(1897)_(14749104766).jpg" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; text-decoration-line: none;" title="File:Applied physiology - including the effects of alcohol and narcotics (1897) (14749104766).jpg"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Applied physiology - including the effects of alcohol and narcotics (1897) </span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;">Wikimedia Commons</span></h3><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Treat yourself to more posts like this by clicking Follow at the top right of this blog</span></div><p><br /></p><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><a href="http://amzn.to/2egoPae" style="color: #2905ff; font-size: 13.33px; text-decoration-line: none;">UK readers - Click here for more on family history books by Ruth A. Symes</a></span></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "times new roman", times, freeserif, serif; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 21.56px; text-align: left;"></span></div></div></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="padding-top: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"> <u><a href="http://amzn.to/2qz5cxr" style="color: #1111d2; font-size: 13.33px; text-decoration-line: none;">USA readers - Click here for more on family history books by Ruth A Symes</a><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="color: #383838; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 21.56px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span></u><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-size: 13.33px;"><b><i></i></b></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;">#heatingcrisis #heat #winter #history #Britain #England #heatingbills #heatingcosts #utilitybills #ancestors #ancestry #genealogy #familyhistory #keepingwarm #fat #eatfat #Victoriandiet </span></div><div><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><br /></span></div></div></div></div></div>Ruth A Symeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16998386806885990168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2363643930133509333.post-47177183346268285452022-10-03T00:36:00.005-07:002022-10-04T02:00:05.311-07:00Breathe Deeply: Tips from Our Ancestors for Keeping Warm in the Heating Crisis: 6<p><span style="font-size: medium;">At the end of the nineteenth century, there was quite a craze for deep breathing exercises as the remedy for many ills. It was also suggested that,if done properly, these exercises could help keep the body warm.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">On the 28th February 1888, the <i>Dundee Evening Telegraph</i> advised, "Throw the shoulders well back, and hold the head well up. inflate the lungs slowly, the air entering entirely through the nose. When the lungs are completely filled, hold the breath for ten seconds or longer and then expire it quickly through the mouth. After repeating this exercise whilst one is chilly, a feeling of warmth will be felt over the entire body, <span style="text-align: center;">and even in the feet and hands. It is important to repeat this exercise several times a day and especially when in the open air. Don't forget."</span></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvfzkncG0VhCtE6es8A1ILIpRfhJYl8GYOeMNFaHzSLmZLPGszRafTVQY4ydVyGGcFq4gy_Xyufl4BalYnGrl019Qz9JWD_bff60YWy3SiUkl_piJu26Q5g6xiEDbhl-c4m7iLA1MQwReIcVGqrmr7r6fEUVLAScaEfmJ9n9BAV9VQoiEuCJzChizxTw/s994/Diaphragmatic%20Breathing%201913.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="994" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvfzkncG0VhCtE6es8A1ILIpRfhJYl8GYOeMNFaHzSLmZLPGszRafTVQY4ydVyGGcFq4gy_Xyufl4BalYnGrl019Qz9JWD_bff60YWy3SiUkl_piJu26Q5g6xiEDbhl-c4m7iLA1MQwReIcVGqrmr7r6fEUVLAScaEfmJ9n9BAV9VQoiEuCJzChizxTw/s320/Diaphragmatic%20Breathing%201913.jpg" width="206" /></a></div><br /><p></p><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><br />Diaphragmatic Breathing, 1913. Wikimedia Commons</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">Treat yourself to more posts like this by clicking Follow at the top right of this blog</span></div><p><br /></p><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><a href="http://amzn.to/2egoPae" style="color: #2905ff; font-size: 13.33px; text-decoration-line: none;">UK readers - Click here for more on family history books by Ruth A. Symes</a></span></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "times new roman", times, freeserif, serif; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 21.56px; text-align: left;"></span></div></div></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="padding-top: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><u><br /></u> <u><a href="http://amzn.to/2qz5cxr" style="color: #1111d2; font-size: 13.33px; text-decoration-line: none;">USA readers - Click here for more on family history books by Ruth A Symes</a><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="color: #383838; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 21.56px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span></u><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-size: 13.33px;"><b><i></i></b></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;">#heatingcrisis #heat #winter #history #Britain #England #heatingbills #heatingcosts #utilitybills #ancestors #ancestry #genealogy #familyhistory #keepingwarm #breath #breathing </span></div><div><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><br /></span></div></div></div></div></div>Ruth A Symeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16998386806885990168noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2363643930133509333.post-40402963841087235352022-10-01T02:39:00.004-07:002022-10-04T03:43:47.564-07:00Dress for Snow: Tips from Our Ancestors for Keeping Warm in the Heating Crisis : 5<p> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 18.6667px;">Our ancestors didn't make the same distinction between indoor wear and outdoor wear as we do today. It was not uncommon to wear many layers of clothing in the house in the winter months. Indoor attire might have included: </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">stockings, long johns, combinations, petticoats, bloomers, cloaks, mittens, slippers, scarves, gloves, hat, and dressing gowns. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The <i>Linlithgow Gazette </i>of the 7th February 1899 reminded readers, with some exasperation, that wearing lots of clothing would not, in itself, solve the problem of bodily cold. Quoting Dr Robson Roose, it went on:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">"Garments should be of wool, and of equal thicknesses. and should not fit too closely to the body, but be comparatively loose and easy. It should be remembered that the source of heat is in the body itself, not in the clothes. Good food, together with a proper amount of exercise, will produce heat: the business of the clothing is to retain the heat. "</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi51GUiFrVMv_xZglr1tIhoTUMUykoDw1bspMRZ3u8Ut3L2BaM_LxIJskQm57XoBzCdwyKrAIQOpTg9Cerwb8-jKjj19PbL6tHfaoBIFytPwtZ3YBk4_QMNqwu_a0OmwlvPjWTfv1tKpQy7iyuHTtyaMSpX_YDEAJxtcf1poppTDEr57iFbfxbRphnP1Q/s835/640px-Dressed_for_Snow_(11400673113).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="835" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi51GUiFrVMv_xZglr1tIhoTUMUykoDw1bspMRZ3u8Ut3L2BaM_LxIJskQm57XoBzCdwyKrAIQOpTg9Cerwb8-jKjj19PbL6tHfaoBIFytPwtZ3YBk4_QMNqwu_a0OmwlvPjWTfv1tKpQy7iyuHTtyaMSpX_YDEAJxtcf1poppTDEr57iFbfxbRphnP1Q/s320/640px-Dressed_for_Snow_(11400673113).jpg" width="245" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Spence Family Photos, Tyne and Wear Archives and Museums, Wikimedia Commons</span><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Treat yourself to more posts like this by clicking Follow at the top right-hand side of the blog.<br /></span></span><p></p><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><a href="http://amzn.to/2egoPae" style="color: #2905ff; font-size: 13.33px; text-decoration-line: none;">UK readers - Click here for more on family history books by Ruth A. Symes</a></span></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "times new roman", times, freeserif, serif; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 21.56px; text-align: left;"></span></div></div></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="padding-top: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><u><br /></u> <u><a href="http://amzn.to/2qz5cxr" style="color: #1111d2; font-size: 13.33px; text-decoration-line: none;">USA readers - Click here for more on family history books by Ruth A Symes</a><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="color: #383838; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 21.56px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span></u><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-size: 13.33px;"><b><i></i></b></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;">#heatingcrisis #heat #winter #history #Britain #England #heatingbills #heatingcosts #utilitybills #ancestors #ancestry #genealogy #familyhistory # keepingwarm</span></div></div></div></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br /></p></div>Ruth A Symeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16998386806885990168noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2363643930133509333.post-269470606747185922022-09-30T08:15:00.005-07:002022-10-04T03:44:05.344-07:00Hit the Pub : Tips from Our Ancestors For Keeping Warm in the Heating Crisis: 4<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">Outside the home, our
ancestors sought refuge in pubs and taverns on</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">cold days. In working-class areas, the public house was popularly considered as a living room outside your own home, where the heating was conveniently provided and
paid for by others.</span><b style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">Additionally, the alcohol on offer had its own warming effect! </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">So inviting was the
warmth of the pub that those in favour of temperance fretted about it and advocated other heated spaces
outside the home as alternatives.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">On
March 21</span><sup style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">st</sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;"> 1891, the </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">Croydon Chronicle and East Surrey Advertiser</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">
held a report from the local Church of England Temperance Society. A Mr C. M, Elborough criticised those wives who did not provide more agreeable attractions to counteract those of 'the
well-lighted and well-warmed public houses'.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">He suggested men should be encouraged to go to free libraries rather
than to frequent the ‘warm, corners of less desirable places.’</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8EbIZ0DjY-QB4ojWFn8R9Rk8mWBmdkQsJu-OGffseoENXJ-sl0wgyijXl6IoemmI4nAtCFLE71FLjFvK7aygjBzjk1FAawRUi7dSbgLDv7FeF7fHCpCW35UuNcVLpERlrxMGWiuyYLEDVQijEjKr3UarZJKmZ3xH5f43IdoXlzdesvmgnjH_-10s_pw/s853/The_Open_Hearth,_a_Sam_Smith's_pub_in_Scunthorpe_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1973235.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="853" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8EbIZ0DjY-QB4ojWFn8R9Rk8mWBmdkQsJu-OGffseoENXJ-sl0wgyijXl6IoemmI4nAtCFLE71FLjFvK7aygjBzjk1FAawRUi7dSbgLDv7FeF7fHCpCW35UuNcVLpERlrxMGWiuyYLEDVQijEjKr3UarZJKmZ3xH5f43IdoXlzdesvmgnjH_-10s_pw/s320/The_Open_Hearth,_a_Sam_Smith's_pub_in_Scunthorpe_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1973235.jpg" width="240" /></a></span></div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /> The Open Hearth Pub, Scunthorpe. Wikimedia Commons</span><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">Treat yourself to more posts like this by clicking Follow at the top right of this blog.</span><br /></span><p></p><div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><a href="http://amzn.to/2egoPae" style="color: #2905ff; font-size: 13.33px; text-decoration-line: none;">UK readers - Click here for more on family history books by Ruth A. Symes</a></span></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "times new roman", times, freeserif, serif; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 21.56px; text-align: left;"></span></div></div></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="padding-top: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><u><br /></u> <u><a href="http://amzn.to/2qz5cxr" style="color: #1111d2; font-size: 13.33px; text-decoration-line: none;">USA readers - Click here for more on family history books by Ruth A Symes</a><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="color: #383838; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 21.56px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span></u><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-size: 13.33px;"><b><i></i></b></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;">#heatingcrisis #heat #winter #history #Britain #England #heatingbills #heatingcosts #utilitybills #ancestors #ancestry #genealogy #familyhistory # keepingwarm</span></div></div></div></div></div></span></div></span></div><div><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></div></div>Ruth A Symeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16998386806885990168noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2363643930133509333.post-12502342992057812622022-09-28T23:56:00.002-07:002022-10-04T03:44:20.813-07:00Avoid Chilly Churches - Tips from Our Ancestors on Keeping Warm in the Heating Crisis: 3 <p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The coldest place
that our ancestors were forced to regularly frequent was probably the local
church – where sometimes ice laced the font and the earth outside was too hard to allow for burials. Members of the congregation would
dress warmly and take rugs, blankets and even dogs to help keep warm during
long sermons.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">On Saturday November
25th 1865, a correspondent to the </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">Westmorland Gazette and Kendal Advertiser</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">
complained: ‘We know that some people have attributed their own severe cold to
a chill caught in church. The season has not been a healthy one, and there is
no need to aggravate prevalent sickness by any cause so obviously likely to
cause shocks to health, and especially to what is called feeble health, as the
damp, cold atmosphere which must prevail in a large church without a fire in
such a month as this.’</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqpT9QwehkCUvl3i3sYj5tk8fQLnFeEFTSJs881ZEGLvVrX_3PGUQ8030blBERxkScwZVBjLHa-Uz7I5_dmv9ceUZvCeZ_B6h-Zw8bfIQ2CiOnMmv7Ry98pRslxleg3ywQzk8XpMtSp9RTeUcXhGEdkuvFGeuzxsTrOHT5trSpApdvbpa9Ca2mlT4o5g/s640/St_Peter's_Church_in_the_snow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1660453.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqpT9QwehkCUvl3i3sYj5tk8fQLnFeEFTSJs881ZEGLvVrX_3PGUQ8030blBERxkScwZVBjLHa-Uz7I5_dmv9ceUZvCeZ_B6h-Zw8bfIQ2CiOnMmv7Ry98pRslxleg3ywQzk8XpMtSp9RTeUcXhGEdkuvFGeuzxsTrOHT5trSpApdvbpa9Ca2mlT4o5g/s320/St_Peter's_Church_in_the_snow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1660453.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;"> St Peter's Church, Elmsett Suffolk, 2010. Wikimedia Commons</span><p></p><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">Treat yourself to more posts like this by clicking Follow at the top right of this blog.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><a href="http://amzn.to/2egoPae" style="color: #2905ff; font-size: 13.33px; text-decoration-line: none;">UK readers - Click here for more on family history books by Ruth A. Symes</a></span></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "times new roman", times, freeserif, serif; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 21.56px; text-align: left;"></span></div></div></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="padding-top: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><u><br /></u> <u><a href="http://amzn.to/2qz5cxr" style="color: #1111d2; font-size: 13.33px; text-decoration-line: none;">USA readers - Click here for more on family history books by Ruth A Symes</a><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="color: #383838; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 21.56px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span></u><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-size: 13.33px;"><b><i></i></b></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;">#heatingcrisis #heat #winter #history #Britain #England #heatingbills #heatingcosts #utilitybills #ancestors #ancestry #genealogy #familyhistory # keepingwarm</span></div><div><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><br /></span></div></div></div></div></div></span></div>Ruth A Symeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16998386806885990168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2363643930133509333.post-65803350721818162952022-09-28T02:37:00.004-07:002022-10-04T03:45:03.749-07:00 Fear Cold bedrooms - Tips from Our Ancestors on Keeping Warm in the Heating Crisis: 2 <p><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The cold was particularly felt in bedrooms where furnishings tended to be less lavish and fires were generally left unlit during the daytime. Our ancestors devised many ways of
keeping the temperature up. Co-sleeping with parents and siblings was common; people also slept with animals. Beds were covered with many layers of straw or newspaper. People wore socks and bed caps, rested
their feet on foot warmers, and prewarmed their sheets with hot soap stones or bricks and warming pans. </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: medium; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Victorian newspapers frequently warned of the dangers of cold bedrooms with <i>The Shields Daily Gazette and Shipping Telegraph </i>advising on Saturday November 16th 1895, 'It is safer to sleep in bad air all night with a temperature over 50 (F) than in pure air with a temperature under 40 (F). The bad air may sicken you, but cannot kill you; the cold air can and does kill very often.'</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_htB5SeyNBUliSsBmlbjU9C8hgQ8SNa2yU52P60hAv4aRghy_SgAv-8Ts4x8A_Q78Vdl6V9jgA6c71dtPWXPzsUxFgGJHuqF34FvsMnMT1_CHXOYSgsd-EeMXyg5SjudzweKvxluiGmNB3oPZYytJSFGs3irfmv_mj5rA0XuErGkJS98HIsOMbouS9g/s640/Warming_Pan_(PSF).png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="458" data-original-width="640" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_htB5SeyNBUliSsBmlbjU9C8hgQ8SNa2yU52P60hAv4aRghy_SgAv-8Ts4x8A_Q78Vdl6V9jgA6c71dtPWXPzsUxFgGJHuqF34FvsMnMT1_CHXOYSgsd-EeMXyg5SjudzweKvxluiGmNB3oPZYytJSFGs3irfmv_mj5rA0XuErGkJS98HIsOMbouS9g/w366-h262/Warming_Pan_(PSF).png" width="366" /></a></div><br /><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Wikimedia Commons</span><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span><div> To treat yourself to more posts like this, click Follow at the top right of this blog.<br /><div><p></p><div><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></div><div><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><a href="http://amzn.to/2egoPae" style="color: #2905ff; font-size: 13.33px; text-decoration-line: none;">UK readers - Click here for more on family history books by Ruth A. Symes</a></span></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "times new roman", times, freeserif, serif; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 21.56px; text-align: left;"></span></div></div></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="padding-top: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><u><br /></u> <u><a href="http://amzn.to/2qz5cxr" style="color: #1111d2; font-size: 13.33px; text-decoration-line: none;">USA readers - Click here for more on family history books by Ruth A Symes</a><br /><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="color: #383838; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 21.56px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span></u><span style="font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-size: 13.33px;"><b><i></i></b></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;">#heatingcrisis #heat #winter #history #Britain #England #heatingbills #heatingcosts #utilitybills #ancestors #ancestry #genealogy #familyhistory # keepingwarm</span></div><div><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><br /></span></div></div></div></div></div></span></div></div></div></div>Ruth A Symeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16998386806885990168noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2363643930133509333.post-3662189672221489482022-09-27T06:44:00.027-07:002022-10-04T08:56:58.354-07:00 Focus on Furnishings: Tips from Our Ancestors for Keeping Warm in the Heating Crisis :1<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14pt;">In this awful time of rising engy costs, we are all focusing on how to maintain acceptable temperatures without using too many expensive heating devices. Our ancestors were
- if anything - even more aware than we are of the dangers of catching cold by
moving from a warm bed to an icy room, and came up with innumerable,
imaginative ways of keeping the cold at bay.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt;">For better off
families, rooms could be kept warm with all kinds of
furnishings including wall hangings, draught excluders, thick curtains, drapes,
carpets, and even wallpapers.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzMYHggWwMx_TLcFzH4K32EjkzsPpYEw5jXl8O_RQjWOC_CkBeXmRndLr_Y-kfN9WNmXuNUB3pZEFfpLBmBCnylPrJbDuhguMf6r4P37DBxCT-2tAZfHuv3jN6M-AmhSMNxwXfcE4c1Cdqk4T6YV37vJ-gCnlrojUROlcCI-7OnICHE3IBOVi1BVBVgg/s640/E-14_English_Drawing_Room_of_the_Victorian_Period,_1840-70.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="401" data-original-width="640" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzMYHggWwMx_TLcFzH4K32EjkzsPpYEw5jXl8O_RQjWOC_CkBeXmRndLr_Y-kfN9WNmXuNUB3pZEFfpLBmBCnylPrJbDuhguMf6r4P37DBxCT-2tAZfHuv3jN6M-AmhSMNxwXfcE4c1Cdqk4T6YV37vJ-gCnlrojUROlcCI-7OnICHE3IBOVi1BVBVgg/w501-h315/E-14_English_Drawing_Room_of_the_Victorian_Period,_1840-70.jpg" width="501" /></a></div><div><br /></div> Victorian Drawing Room 1840-1870 Wikimedia Commons<div><br /></div><div> Treat yourself to more posts like this by clicking Follow at the top right of this blog.<br /><div><br /></div><div><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif; font-size: 15.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 5px; position: relative; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.32px;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><a href="http://amzn.to/2egoPae" style="color: #2905ff; font-size: 13.33px; text-decoration-line: none;">UK readers - Click here for more on family history books by Ruth A. Symes</a></span></div></div></div></div><div style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #383838; font-family: "times new roman", times, freeserif, serif; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 21.56px; text-align: left;"></span></div></div></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.8px; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; margin: 0px;"><div style="padding-top: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><u><br /></u> <u><a href="http://amzn.to/2qz5cxr" style="color: #1111d2; font-size: 13.33px; text-decoration-line: none;">USA readers - Click here for more on family history books by Ruth A Symes</a><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #383838; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 21.56px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span></u><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"></span><span style="font-size: 13.33px;"><b><i></i></b></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;">#heatingcrisis #heat #winter #history #Britain #England #heatingbills #heatingcosts #utilitybills #ancestors #ancestry #genealogy #familyhistory # keepingwarm</span></div><div><span style="font-family: quot; font-size: 18.66px;"><br /></span></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></p></div></div>Ruth A Symeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16998386806885990168noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2363643930133509333.post-1250931468371831102022-09-27T06:34:00.011-07:002023-09-02T10:55:32.257-07:00 Reading What They Wrote - Understanding Your Ancestors' Scribbles - Buy Now for Christmas<p> <a class="qi72231t nu7423ey n3hqoq4p r86q59rh b3qcqh3k fq87ekyn bdao358l fsf7x5fv rse6dlih s5oniofx m8h3af8h l7ghb35v kjdc1dyq kmwttqpk srn514ro oxkhqvkx rl78xhln nch0832m cr00lzj9 rn8ck1ys s3jn8y49 icdlwmnq cxfqmxzd ezidihy3" href="https://amzn.to/3fiLAeT?fbclid=IwAR1AarGlXFxS66V9HSw7orfzLe5xz1zufiXj4iHVh5WNSOAoufi5q4ZraX8" rel="nofollow" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation; white-space: pre-wrap;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">https://amzn.to/3fiLAeT</a></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ0OYEOyssbfVycF5NFPIMaOPaJH3VZ41Ra0Zt1b699LEQymu-a15gDYRleqmqqs3EjDQEF6uxcgkGLIOkmgYq_dnOr1mN1GTORSnv2-uXERL_8rQ1iGjpSGIgaeVALdXRutOB55hE7vOuLUDQ7-dJ3_K4eYSxj2zDepVuZx1at8V6-6AvelHC3iLkCBuN/s293/Symes%20Personal%20Writings.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="293" data-original-width="205" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ0OYEOyssbfVycF5NFPIMaOPaJH3VZ41Ra0Zt1b699LEQymu-a15gDYRleqmqqs3EjDQEF6uxcgkGLIOkmgYq_dnOr1mN1GTORSnv2-uXERL_8rQ1iGjpSGIgaeVALdXRutOB55hE7vOuLUDQ7-dJ3_K4eYSxj2zDepVuZx1at8V6-6AvelHC3iLkCBuN/s1600/Symes%20Personal%20Writings.jpg" width="205" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><div dir="auto" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="d2hqwtrz r227ecj6 ez8dtbzv gt60zsk1" data-ad-comet-preview="message" data-ad-preview="message" id="jsc_c_yl" style="font-family: inherit; padding: 4px 16px 16px;"><div class="alzwoclg cqf1kptm siwo0mpr gu5uzgus" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: -5px; margin-top: -5px;"><div class="jroqu855 nthtkgg5" style="font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"><span class="gvxzyvdx aeinzg81 t7p7dqev gh25dzvf exr7barw b6ax4al1 gem102v4 ncib64c9 mrvwc6qr sx8pxkcf f597kf1v cpcgwwas m2nijcs8 hxfwr5lz k1z55t6l oog5qr5w tes86rjd pbevjfx6 ztn2w49o" color="var(--primary-text)" dir="auto" style="display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><div class="l7ghb35v kjdc1dyq kmwttqpk gh25dzvf jikcssrz n3t5jt4f" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">A cross or signature in an old church register? A hastily scribbled shopping list? An appointment diary, recipe book, letter or postcard? Or perhaps something more substantial: a diary, poem, a travel journal or commonplace book? </div></div><div class="l7ghb35v kjdc1dyq kmwttqpk gh25dzvf jikcssrz n3t5jt4f" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">However brief or fragmentary, your ancestors' writings reveal a great deal about them and about the times in which they lived.…</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">#letter #telegram #diary #diaries #traveljournal #poem # autobiography # commonplacebook # ancestors #genealogy #familyhistory #ancestorswritings #signature #postcards #christmas cards #christmaspresentforfamilyhistorians #christmaspresentforgenealogists</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> </div></div></span></div></div></div></div><div class="om3e55n1" id="jsc_c_ym" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; position: relative;"><div aria-hidden="false" class="hf30pyar lq84ybu9" style="font-family: inherit; overflow: hidden;"></div></div>Ruth A Symeshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16998386806885990168noreply@blogger.com0